THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: A PANORAMA OF THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS CASE LAW / A PROTEÇÃO DO DIREITO À LIBERDADE DE EXPRESSÃO: UM PANORAMA DA JURISPRUDÊNCIA DA CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS

The Inter-American system for the protection of human rights recognizes the importance of freedom of expression for democratic systems. The analysis of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) case law shows that it is probably the regional framework that provides the greatest scope and the broadest guarantees of protection to the right to freedom of thought and expression. Based on American Convention on Human Rights and on other relevant legislative instruments and, above all, in light of their prevailing interpretation by the aforementioned Court, this brief analysis is intended to clarify, with some comparative insights, the main features and the peculiarities of the regional system protection of the right to freedom of expression. In particular, it will consider the types of speech deserving special protection due to their importance for the exercise of other human rights or for the maintenance and the strengthening of democracy and, by contrast, the conditions according to which restrictions to freedom of expression are admitted by the Inter-American system.Keywords: Freedom of expression. Press freedom. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR). European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). Case-law. Protected speech. Balacing human rights. National security

Música Coral Ítalo-Brasileira

Esta publicação contém uma coletânea de textos produzidos pelos participantes do Seminário Ibero-Americano da Diversidade Linguística, que aconteceu em Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, de 17 a 20 de novembro de 2014. O evento foi organizado pelo Departamento do Patrimônio Imaterial do Iphan e pela Diretoria de Relações Internacionais do Ministério da Cultura. Contou com a parceria e apoio da Universidade de Integração Latino-Americana (Unila), da Itaipu Binacional e da Secretaria Geral Ibero-americana (Segib) - Produção e Gestão do Conhecimento sobre a Diversidade LinguísticaAo lado do amor ao trabalho, a música faz parte do modo de ser dos italia- nos, que a trouxeram ao Brasil sob diferentes características: canto pessoal e comunitário em oração, trabalho e lazer em família, encontros sociais e momentos de culto religioso. Este canto espontâneo podia acontecer em uníssono, mas normalmente dava-se em harmonia intuitiva de três vozes: primo (melodia), secondo (acompanhamento – acima ou abaixo – da melodia, geralmente em terças ou sextas) e basso, o fundamento harmônico, normal- mente alternando a tônica, a dominante e a subdominanteDepartamento do Patrimônio Imaterial do Iphan; Diretoria de Relações Internacionais do Ministério da Cultura; Universidade de Integração Latino-Americana (Unila); Itaipu Binacional e da Secretaria Geral Ibero-americana (Segib

THE GEN. COMELICANIA FRECH, 1901 (BRACHIOPODA) FROM THE SOUTHERN ALPS: MORPHOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION

Analysis of the internal characters, especially the cardinalia and brachidium, of the brachiopod Comelicania Frech from the Southern Alps, confirmed the attribution of this genus to the Superfam. Athyridoidea Davidson and provided a more complete taxonomic description of the Fam. Comelicaniidae Merla. This family includes two genera which differ in the morphology of their cardinalia, i.e. Gruntallina Waterhouse & Gupta, type-species Gruntallina triangularis (Grunt) from the lower Dorashamian of Transcaucasia and Comelicania, type-species Comelicania megalotis (Stache) from the uppermost Bellerophon Fm. of the Southern Alps. The study of a collection composed of more than a hundred specimens highlighted a broad variability of the morphological characters and a pattern of ontogenetic development which demonstrates that classification at the species level is possible only when using mature specimens. Taxonomic revision at the specific level reduced the eleven species of Comelicania from the Southern Alps, described by previous authors, to: C. megalotis (Stache) and C. haueri (Stache). In addition a new species, C. merlai, which characterises the upper Comelicania beds, is proposed.&nbsp

SYSTEMATICS OF LINGULIDE BRACHIOPODS FROM THE END-PERMIAN MASS EXTINCTION INTERVAL

The systematics of lingulide brachiopods, from the end-Permian mass extinction interval, is here studied and discussed. The material has been collected from upper Permian (Changhsingian) beds of Southern Alps and Lower Triassic beds of several Tethyan localities, where the surviving phase following the peak the end-Permian mass extinction is recorded. The study contributes to fill the gap of knowledge regarding the lingulide systematics during a time lapse crucial for the fate of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic marine organisms. The systematics is based both on inner shell morphology and shell microstructure, which are considered to be the most useful taxonomical characters to study the lingulide phylogeny. The specimens have been referred to species of the new genus Trentingula, which is characterized by a shell with a secondary layer virgose fabric and a primitive disposition of the ventral muscle umbonal scar in the Lingulidae phylogeny. Trentingula n. gen. comprises four species: T. lorigae n. gen. n. sp., type-species, T. borealis (Bittner), T. mazzinensis n. gen. n. sp., and T. prinothi n. gen. n. sp. The type-species is late Griesbachian – Dienerian in age and has a wide geographic distribution in the western Tethys (Southern Alps and Hungary). Trentingula prinothi n. gen. n. sp. occurs in the Upper Permian Bellerophon Formation of the Dolomites; it has a large shell with a short mantle cavity. Trentingula mazzinensis n. gen. n. sp. occurs in the Griesbachian Mazzin Member of Werfen Formation and is characterized by a small sized shell, about half of the type species, which records the “Lilliput effect” related to the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction.  &nbsp

Overview of the Multi-Task Mutual Learning Technique: A Comparative Analysis of Different Models for Sentiment Analysis and Topic Detection

openThis research aims to provide a clearer overview of a new technique called Multi-task Mutual Learning in the field of Natural Language Processing, specifically in sentiment analysis and topic detection. The objective is to understand whether employing different models within this technique may impact its performance. With the growing collection of natural language-based data, private companies, public organizations, and various entities are increasingly seeking to extract information from this vast amount of data, which can be in the form of audio, text, or video. This underscores the need to study systems that can analyze this data effectively and do so in the shortest possible time, providing a competitive advantage in the private sector and a social analysis of the current historical moment in the public domain. The method employed is Mutual Learning, and within this technique, we analyzed specific models, including Variational Autoencoder, Dirichlet Variational Autoencoder, Recurrent Neural Network, and Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformer. These methods were executed with two datasets: YELP, containing reviews of commercial activities, and IMDB, containing reviews of films. The main findings highlight the complexity of the model, the computational power required, and the customization of the model according to specific needs.This research aims to provide a clearer overview of a new technique called Multi-task Mutual Learning in the field of Natural Language Processing, specifically in sentiment analysis and topic detection. The objective is to understand whether employing different models within this technique may impact its performance. With the growing collection of natural language-based data, private companies, public organizations, and various entities are increasingly seeking to extract information from this vast amount of data, which can be in the form of audio, text, or video. This underscores the need to study systems that can analyze this data effectively and do so in the shortest possible time, providing a competitive advantage in the private sector and a social analysis of the current historical moment in the public domain. The method employed is Mutual Learning, and within this technique, we analyzed specific models, including Variational Autoencoder, Dirichlet Variational Autoencoder, Recurrent Neural Network, and Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformer. These methods were executed with two datasets: YELP, containing reviews of commercial activities, and IMDB, containing reviews of films. The main findings highlight the complexity of the model, the computational power required, and the customization of the model according to specific needs

Extending Conditional Simple Temporal Networks with Partially Shrinkable Uncertainty

The proper handling of temporal constraints is crucial in many domains. As a particular challenge, temporal constraints must be also handled when different specific situations happen (conditional constraints) and when some event occurrences can be only observed at run time (contingent constraints). In this paper we introduce Conditional Simple Temporal Networks with Partially Shrinkable Uncertainty (CSTNPSUs), in which contingent constraints are made more flexible (guarded constraints) and they are also specified as conditional constraints. It turns out that guarded constraints require the ability to reason on both kinds of constraints in a seamless way. In particular, we discuss CSTNPSU features through a motivating example and, then, we introduce the concept of controllability for such networks and the related sound checking algorithm

Sound-and-Complete Algorithms for Checking the Dynamic Controllability of Conditional Simple Temporal Networks with Uncertainty

A Conditional Simple Temporal Network with Uncertainty (CSTNU) is a data structure for representing and reasoning about time. CSTNUs incorporate observation time-points from Conditional Simple Temporal Networks (CSTNs) and contingent links from Simple Temporal Networks with Uncertainty (STNUs). A CSTNU is dynamically controllable (DC) if there exists a strategy for executing its time-points that guarantees the satisfaction of all relevant constraints no matter how the uncertainty associated with its observation time-points and contingent links is resolved in real time. This paper presents the first sound-and-complete DC-checking algorithms for CSTNUs that are based on the propagation of labeled constraints and demonstrates their practicality

Bivalves from the Changhsingian (upper Permian) Bellerophon Formation of the Dolomites (Italy): ancestors of Lower Triassic post-extinction benthic communities

Diverse shallow marine fossil assemblages from the Changhsingian Bellerophon Formation (Dolomites) record late Palaeozoic marine life immediately before the end-Permian mass extinction. We classified c. 6500 bivalves from western Dolomites localities, identifying 26 species including one new family (Ladinomyidae), three new genera (Ladinomya, Lovaralucina, Gardenapecten) and 10 new species: Acharax frenademezi, Bakevellia (Bakevellia) preromangica, Edmondia hautmanni, Etheripecten stuflesseri, Ladinomya fosteri, Lovaralucina covidi, Palaeolima badiotica, Promytilus merlai, Tambanella? stetteneckensis and Volsellina carinata. The occurrence of three Eumorphotis species with different stratigraphic distributions, leads us to propose an upper Permian ‘Lower Eumorphotis Zone’, divided into E. praecurrens, E. striatocostata and E. lorigae subzones, and distinct from the existing Lower Triassic Eumorphotis Zone (here renamed ‘Upper Eumorphotis Zone’). Palaeoecological analysis produced six biofacies and four ecofacies, based on richness, dominance and ecological lifestyle. The bivalves inhabited lagoonal to nearshore environments affected by stressed conditions: high temperatures, high salinity, shallow water depths, low oxygen and high terrigenous input. The upper Bellerophon Fm is characterized by increasingly fully marine conditions, although eurytopic taxa still suggest stressed conditions. Bivalve richness of the upper Permian Bellerophon and Lower Triassic Werfen formations was compared to estimate the genus-level extinction rate. The disappearance of almost half (47%) of Bellerophon Fm genera is remarkably low compared with other, coeval bivalve faunas. Pre-extinction bivalve faunas were dominated by stress-adapted taxa (Unionites, Eumorphotis, Bakevellia, Towapteria) able to thrive in extreme environmental conditions, survive the end-Permian mass extinction, and become the dominant biotic component of Lower Triassic benthic communities globally

Propagating Piecewise-Linear Weights in Temporal Networks

This paper presents a novel technique using piecewise-linear functions (PLFs) as weights on edges in the graphs of two kinds of temporal networks to solve several previously open problems. Generalizing constraint-propagation rules to accom- modate PLF weights requires implementing a small handful of functions. Most problems are solved by inserting one or more edges with an initial weight of \u3b4 (a variable), then using the modified rules to propagate the PLF weights. For one kind of network, a new set of propagation rules is introduced to avoid a non-termination issue that arises when propagating PLF weights. The paper also presents two new results for determining the tightest horizon that can be imposed while preserving a network\u2019s dynamic consistency/controllability

Flexible temporal constraint management in modularized processes

Managing temporal process constraints in modularized processes is an important task, both during the design, as it allows the reuse of temporal (child) process models, and during the checking of temporal properties of processes, as it avoids the necessity of ‘‘unfolding’’ child processes within the main process model. Taking into account the capability of providing modular solutions, modeling and checking temporal features of processes is still an open problem in the context of process-aware information systems. In this paper, we present and discuss a novel approach to represent flexible temporal constraints in modularized time-aware BPMN process models. To support temporal flexibility, allowed task durations are represented through guarded ranges that allow a limited (guarded) restriction of task durations during process execution if it is necessary to guarantee the satisfaction of all temporal constraints. We, then, propose how to derive a compact representation of the overall temporal behavior of such time-aware BPMN models. Such compact representation of child processes allows us to check the dynamic controllability (DC) of a parent timeaware process model without ‘‘unfolding’’ the child process models. Dynamic controllability guarantees that process models can have process instances (i.e., executions) satisfying all the temporal constraints for any possible combination of allowed durations of tasks and child processes. Possible approaches for even more flexibility by solving some kinds of DC violations are then introduced. We use a real process model from a healthcare domain as a motivating example, and we also present a proof-of-concept prototype confirming the concrete applicability of the solutions we propose, followed by an experimental evaluation