Чисельне розв’язання методом дискретних особливостей одного сінгулярного інтегрального рівняння з ядром Гільберта

In the paper the method of discrete singularities is used for constructing a discrete mathematical model of a first kind singular integral equation with the Hilbert kernel in the case when the auxiliary conditions introduced to ensure the uniqueness of solution to the equation are given by functionals. The existence of the unique solution to the discrete model is proved and the rate of convergence of the solution of the discrete problem to the exact solution of the initial singular integral equation is estimated under some smoothness assumptions.На основі методу дискретних особливостей побудовано дискретну математичну модель сингулярного інтегрального рівняння першого роду з ядром Гілберта у випадку, коли додаткова умова, що дозволяє отримати єдиний розв’язок цього рівняння, є функціонал. Доведена однозначна розв’язність дискретної моделі і дана оцінка швидкості збіжності розв’язку дискретної задачі до точного розв’язку сингулярного інтегрального рівняння при деяких припущеннях гладкості

Cognitive mechanisms of statistical learning and segmentation of continuous sensory input

Two classes of cognitive mechanisms have been proposed to explain segmentation of continuous sensory input into discrete recurrent constituents: clustering and boundary-finding mechanisms. Clustering mechanisms are based on identifying frequently co-occurring elements and merging them together as parts that form a single constituent. Bracketing (or boundary-finding) mechanisms work by identifying rarely co-occurring elements that correspond to the boundaries between discrete constituents. In a series of behavioral experiments, I tested which mechanisms are at play in the visual modality both during segmentation of a continuous syllabic sequence into discrete word-like constituents and during recognition of segmented constituents. Additionally, I explored conscious awareness of the products of statistical learning—whole constituents versus merged clusters of smaller subunits. My results suggest that both online segmentation and offline recognition of extracted constituents rely on detecting frequently co-occurring elements, a process likely based on associative memory. However, people are more aware of having learnt whole tokens than of recurrent composite clusters. © 2021, The Author(s)

ESTUDOS MONGÓIS NA RÚSSIA DA SEGUNDA METADE DO SÉCULO XIX Y INÍCIO DOS SÉCULOS XX: PESSOAS E DESTINOS DO PATRIMÔNIO CIENTÍFICO

The article highlights some aspects of the development of the Russian scientific school of Mongolian studies in the second half of XIX - the beginning of XX centuries – the time of a significant contribution of the St. Petersburg center to its history, which strengthens its position in the middle of the XIX century as a result of the transfer of the Eastern Department of Kazan University in St. Petersburg one. The formation of the educational process at the Mongolian-Kalmyk Department in St. Petersburg is in many respects a noble work of the professors transferred from Kazan, first of all, Alexander Vasilyevich Popov, then his student at Kazan University and colleague at St. Petersburg University Konstantin Fedorovich Golstunsky, who brought up his brilliant students-in consequence the authoritative Mongolian scholars, among them Alexey Matveevich Pozdneev, whose life and fate connected two epochs in the history of Russia. A. M. Pozdneev had a chance to work in the post-October period, covering the period from 1917 to 1930, when the traditions of the former Imperial scientific school were still preserved with the active formation of the new Soviet science. Through the prism of the biography of one of the outstanding orientalists of the Russian scientific school Alexey Matveevich Pozdneev, the features characterizing the life and activities of Russian scientists after the 1917 revolution, many of whom tried to find themselves in new conditions of existence, are traced. The fate of most of them, as well as A. M. Pozdneev, was tragic, this was facilitated by the extraordinary historical circumstances of the revolution and the civil war, exacerbated by epidemics of deadly diseases, which put scientists in unbearable conditions of existence. For belonging to the old scientific school, many were arrested and physically destroyed, and their scientific heritage was forgotten or subjected to distortion, denial. It should be noted that the tragedy of the scientific heritage, and in general, research activities, is inherent in the Mongol scholars of the Imperial period, it can be seen through the biographies of A.V. Popov and K.F. Golstunsky, whose works were not received proper distribution. Scientific and pedagogical work of A.V. Popov was interrupted by appointment to the post of Inspector of schools, and the biography and legacy of K.F. Golstunsky is not adequately covered, although he was at the head of Russian Mongol studies for many years.O artigo destaca alguns aspectos do desenvolvimento da escola científica russa de estudos mongóis na segunda metade do século XIX - início do século XX -, época de uma contribuição significativa do centro de São Petersburgo para sua história, o que fortalece sua posição no em meados do século XIX, como resultado da transferência do Departamento Oriental da Universidade de Kazan, em São Petersburgo. A formação do processo educacional no Departamento Mongol-Kalmyk em São Petersburgo é, em muitos aspectos, um trabalho nobre dos professores transferidos de Kazan, antes de tudo, Alexander Vasilyevich Popov, então aluno da Universidade de Kazan e colega em São Petersburgo Universidade Konstantin Fedorovich Golstunsky, que educou seus brilhantes estudantes - em conseqüência os estudiosos mongóis, entre eles Alexey Matveevich Pozdneev, cuja vida e destino conectaram duas épocas na história da Rússia. A. M. Pozdneev teve a chance de trabalhar no período pós-outubro, cobrindo o período de 1917 a 1930, quando as tradições da antiga escola científica imperial ainda foram preservadas com a formação ativa da nova ciência soviética. Através do prisma da biografia de um dos destacados orientalistas da escola científica russa Alexey Matveevich Pozdneev, as características que caracterizam a vida e as atividades dos cientistas russos após a revolução de 1917, muitas das quais tentaram se encontrar em novas condições de existência, são rastreado. O destino da maioria deles, assim como A. M. Pozdneev, foi trágico, facilitado pelas extraordinárias circunstâncias históricas da revolução e da guerra civil, exacerbadas pelas epidemias de doenças mortais, que colocam os cientistas em condições insuportáveis de existência. Por pertencerem à antiga escola científica, muitos foram presos e destruídos fisicamente, e sua herança científica foi esquecida ou sujeita a distorção, negação. Deve-se notar que a tragédia do patrimônio científico e, em geral, as atividades de pesquisa, é inerente aos estudiosos mongóis do período imperial, pode ser vista nas biografias de A.V. Popov e K.F. Golstunsky, cujas obras não receberam distribuição adequada. Trabalho científico e pedagógico de A.V. Popov foi interrompido pela nomeação para o cargo de inspetor das escolas e pela biografia e legado de K.F. Golstunsky não é coberto adequadamente, apesar de estar à frente dos estudos mongóis russos por muitos anos.El artículo destaca algunos aspectos del desarrollo de la escuela científica rusa de estudios mongoles en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, principios del siglo XX, el momento de una contribución significativa del centro de San Petersburgo a su historia, lo que fortalece su posición en a mediados del siglo XIX como resultado de la transferencia del Departamento del Este de la Universidad de Kazan en San Petersburgo. La formación del proceso educativo en el Departamento de Mongolia-Kalmyk en San Petersburgo es, en muchos aspectos, un trabajo noble de los profesores transferidos de Kazán, en primer lugar, Alexander Vasilyevich Popov, luego su alumno en la Universidad de Kazán y colega en San Petersburgo. La Universidad Konstantin Fedorovich Golstunsky, quien crió a sus brillantes estudiantes, en consecuencia, los sabios académicos mongoles, entre ellos Alexey Matveevich Pozdneev, cuya vida y destino conectaron dos épocas en la historia de Rusia. A. M. Pozdneev tuvo la oportunidad de trabajar en el período posterior a octubre, cubriendo el período de 1917 a 1930, cuando las tradiciones de la antigua escuela científica imperial todavía se conservaron con la formación activa de la nueva ciencia soviética. A través del prisma de la biografía de uno de los destacados orientalistas de la escuela científica rusa Alexey Matveevich Pozdneev, las características que caracterizan la vida y las actividades de los científicos rusos después de la revolución de 1917, muchos de los cuales intentaron encontrarse en nuevas condiciones de existencia, son rastreado. El destino de la mayoría de ellos, así como de A. M. Pozdneev, fue trágico, esto fue facilitado por las circunstancias históricas extraordinarias de la revolución y la guerra civil, exacerbadas por epidemias de enfermedades mortales, que pusieron a los científicos en condiciones de existencia insoportables. Por pertenecer a la antigua escuela científica, muchos fueron arrestados y físicamente destruidos, y su patrimonio científico fue olvidado o sometido a distorsión, negación. Cabe señalar que la tragedia del patrimonio científico, y en general, las actividades de investigación, es inherente a los eruditos mongoles del período imperial, se puede ver a través de las biografías de A.V. Popov y K.F. Golstunsky, cuyas obras no recibieron la distribución adecuada. El trabajo científico y pedagógico de A.V. Popov fue interrumpido por el nombramiento al puesto de Inspector de escuelas, y la biografía y el legado de K.F. Golstunsky no está cubierto adecuadamente, aunque estuvo a la cabeza de los estudios mongoles rusos durante muchos años

The effect of speech rhythm and speaking rate on assessment of pronunciation in a second language

Published online: 24 April 2019The study explores the effect of deviations from native speech rhythm and rate norms on the assessement of pronunciation mastery of a second language (L2) when the native language of the learner is either rhythmically similar to or different from the target language. Using the concatenative speech synthesis technique, different versions of the same sentence were created in order to produce segmentally and intonationally identical utterances that differed only in rhythmic patterns and/or speaking rate. Speech rhythm and tempo patterns modeled those from the speech of French or German native learners of English at different proficiency levels. Native British English speakers rated the original sentences and the synthesized utterances for accentedness. The analysis shows that (a) differences in speech rhythm and speaking tempo influence the perception of accentedness; (b) idiosyncratic differences in speech rhythm and speech rate are sufficient to differentiate between the proficiency levels of L2 learners; (c) the relative salience of rhythm and rate on perceived accentedness in L2 speech is modulated by the native language of the learners; and (d) intonation facilitates the perception of finer differences in speech rhythm between otherwise identical utterances. These results emphasize the importance of prosodic timing patterns for the perception of speech delivered by L2 learners.L.P. was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) via Juan de la Cierva fellowship. M.O. was supported by the IKERBASQUE–Basque Foundation for Science. The research institution was supported through the “Severo Ochoa” Programme for Centres/Units of Excellence in R&D (SEV-2015-490)

The role of metacognition in recognition of the content of statistical learning

Published online: 31 August 2020Despite theoretical debate on the extent to which statistical learning is incidental or modulated by explicit instructions and conscious awareness of the content of statistical learning, no study has ever investigated the metacognition of statistical learning. We used an artificial language-learning paradigm and a segmentation task that required splitting a continuous stream of syllables into discrete recurrent constituents. During this task, statistical learning potentially produces knowledge of discrete constituents as well as about statistical regularities that are embodied in familiarization input. We measured metacognitive sensitivity and efficiency (using hierarchical Bayesian modelling to estimate metacognitive sensitivity and efficiency) to probe the role of conscious awareness in recognition of constituents extracted from the familiarization input and recognition of novel constituents embodying the same statistical regularities as these extracted constituents. Novel constituents are conceptualized to represent recognition of statistical structure rather than recognition of items retrieved from memory as whole constituents. We found that participants are equally sensitive to both types of learning products, yet subject them to varying degrees of conscious processing during the postfamiliarization recognition test. The data point to the contribution of conscious awareness to at least some types of statistical learning contentThis study was supported by the European Commission via H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (Grant Number DLV-792331), and Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Grant Number RTI2018-098317-B-I00). The research institute is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the “Severo Ochoa” Programme for Centres/ Units of Excellence in Research and Development (SEV-2015-490)

Дискретна математична модель гіперсінгулярного інтегрального рівняння на системі інтервалів

We consider a hypersingular integral equation on a system of intervals, which is reduced to a system of hypersingular integral equations on the standard interval (−1,1). The discretization of this system is carried out on the basis of the method of discrete singularities. The unique solvability of the discrete problem is proved and an estimate of the rate of convergence of the solution of this problem to the exact solution of the system of hypersingular integral equations is given.Розглянуто гіперсингулярне інтегральне рівняння на системі інтервалів, яке наведене до системи гіперсингулярних інтегральних рівнянь на стандартному інтервалі (−1,1). Проведена дискретизація цієї системи на основі методу дискретних особливостей. Доведено однозначна розв'язність дискретної задачі і дана оцінка швидкості збіжності рішення дискретної задачі до точного рішення системи гіперсингулярних інтегральних рівнянь

Pre-university education in terms of promoting Russian education on the world education market

Russia's advancement on the world education market is one of the foreign policy challenges. The pre-university stage is the milestone for the professional development of a foreign student. Such stage is of paramount importance for the Russia's integration into the world education market. Since the pre-university stage has been the first stage of training in the Russian education system, it should be a specific focal point for the educational service provider. Based on the footprint of pre-university education, foreigners shall have an understanding with respect to the educational system of a country the language whereof is studied

The image of an employee in Russian psychological studies: a desk study

The article covers the background of Russian psychological studies on the image of an employee. The article deals with the self-concept as a building block of the image of an employee. The author analyzes the role of professional self-determination, motivational characteristics and mental regulators in creating the image of an employee

Neural bases of learning and recognition of statistical regularities

First published: 09 January 2020Statistical learning is a set of cognitive mechanisms allowing for extracting regularities from the environment and segmenting continuous sensory input into discrete units. The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (N = 25) in conjunction with an artificial language learning paradigm to provide new insight into the neural mechanisms of statistical learning, considering both the online process of extracting statistical regularities and the subsequent offline recognition of learned patterns. Notably, prior fMRI studies on statistical learning have not contrasted neural activation during the learning and recognition experimental phases. Here, we found that learning is supported by the superior temporal gyrus and the anterior cingulate gyrus, while subsequent recognition relied on the left inferior frontal gyrus. Besides, prior studies only assessed the brain response during the recognition of trained words relative to novel nonwords. Hence, a further key goal of this study was to understand how the brain supports recognition of discrete constituents from the continuous input versus recognition of mere statistical structure that is used to build new constituents that are statistically congruent with the ones from the input. Behaviorally, recognition performance indicated that statistically congruent novel tokens were less likely to be endorsed as parts of the familiar environment than discrete constituents. fMRI data showed that the left intraparietal sulcus and angular gyrus support the recognition of old discrete constituents relative to novel statistically congruent items, likely reflecting an additional contribution from memory representations for trained items.The research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) through the “Severo Ochoa” Programme for Centres/Units of Excellence in R&D (SEV-2015- 490), and project Grant RTI2018-098317-B-I00 awarded to M.O., by the Basque Government through project Grant PI-2017-25 awarded to D.S., and by the European Commission as Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellowship DLV-792331 to L.P

Чисельне розв’язання системи сингулярних інтегральних рівнянь з ядрами Коші і Гілберта

In the paper a specific system of first kind singular integral equations with the Hilbert and Cauchy kernels arising when solving some problems of electrostatics and electrodynamics is studied. The method of discrete singularities is applied for constructing its discrete mathematical model, which is a system of n linear algebraic equations. Under the additional smoothness assumptions on the right-hand parts of the equations of the initial system and regularity assumptions on the kernels of the integrals in them the obtained system of linear algebraic equations is proved to admit a unique solution for n sufficiently large. The rate of convergence of the solution of the discrete problem to the exact solution of the system of singular integral equations is estimated.В роботі вивчається система сингулярних інтегральних рівнянь першого роду з ядрами Коші і Гілберта спеціального виду, що виникає, зокрема, при розв’язанні задач електростатики та електродинаміки. На основі методу дискретних особливостей побудовано дискретну математичну модель цієї системи, що має вигляд системи n лінійних алгебраїчних рівнянь. Доведено, що за додаткових умов гладкості на праві частини та регулярні ядра вихідних рівнянь отримана система лінійних алгебраїчних рівнянь має при достатньо великих n єдиний розв’язок. Дана оцінка швидкості збіжності розв’язку дискретної задачі до точного розв’язку системи сингулярних інтегральних рівнянь