O conceito de contemplação na educação monástica medieval : reflexões sobre Bernardo de Claraval

Este artigo reflete sobre o pensamento de Bernardo de Claraval (1090-1153) a fim de compreender a dinâmica da educação monacal cisterciense e sua influência no processo educacional do século XII. À luz da história social, na primeira parte, apresenta alguns aspectos das estruturas sociais da cristandandade medieval ocidental, relacionando o contexto mais amplo com a proposta de reforma monacal cisterciense que encaminhou a Igreja para um momento importante frente ao poder temporal, com o papa Inocêncio III (1198-1216). Bernardo de Claraval tornou-se uma peça chave da reforma eclesial que estava em curso na sua época. Seus sermões revelam a dinâmica entre ação e contemplação e, por meio delas, podemos perceber a influência do autor na direção da sociedade, propondo valores como fé e amor autênticos, consciência de si, gosto pela pureza espiritual e a reafirmação da figura humana como imagem e semelhança de Deus. Essa visão humanista cristã e a valorização do conhecimento interior, como consciência de si, foram os fundamentos para o movimento místico desenvolvido pelos cistercienses. Por fim, o texto apresenta reflexões a respeito do Sermão sobre a Vigília do Natal para explicitar a devoção à humanidade de Jesus como uma das bases teológicas para a aprendizagem do itinerário de ascese para a contemplação, entendida como capacidade psíquica desenvolvida pelos monges para alcançar a unidade entre afetividade e razão.This article reflects on the thought of Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) in order to understand the dynamics of the Cistercian monastic education and its influence in the educational process in century XII. In light of social history, the first part presents some aspects of the social structures of medieval christian west, relating the broader context with the Cistercian monastic reform proposal that forwarded the Church for an important moment against the temporal power, with Pope Innocent III (1198-1216). Bernardo of Clairvaux became a part key of the church reform that was in course, from the gregorian reform and has in contact with all the importants points of the conflicts politicians of its time. Its letters and its writhings disclose the dynamics between action and contemplation that if became its life and, by means of them, we can perceive the influence in the direction of the society, that if wants guided in the values of the authenticity of the love, conscience of itself, taste for the pureness spiritual and the affirmation of the dignity of the man as image and similarity of God. This vision Christian humanist and the valuation of the knowledge as conscience of itself, were the basis for the mystical movement developed by the Cistercians. Finally, the text presents reflections on the Sermon on the Vigil of Christmas to explain the devotion to the humanity of Jesus as one of the theological basis for learning the route of ascent to contemplation, as understood by the monks developed psychic ability to achieve affection and unity between reason

The concept of contemplation in medieval monastic education: reflections on Bernard of Clairvaux

Resum disponible en anglèsThis article reflects on the thought of Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) in order to understand the dynamics of the Cistercian monastic education and its influence in the educational process in century XII. In light of social history, the first part presents some aspects of the social structures of medieval christian west, relating the broader context with the Cistercian monastic reform proposal that forwarded the Church for an important moment against the temporal power, with Pope Innocent III (1198-1216). Bernardo of Clairvaux became a part key of the church reform that was in course, from the gregorian reform and has in contact with all the importants points of the conflicts politicians of its time. Its letters and its writhings disclose the dynamics between action and contemplation that if became its life and, by means of them, we can perceive the influence in the direction of the society, that if wants guided in the values of the authenticity of the love, conscience of itself, taste for the pureness spiritual and the affirmation of the dignity of the man as image and similarity of God. This vision Christian humanist and the valuation of the knowledge as conscience of itself, were the basis for the mystical movement developed by the Cistercians. Finally, the text presents reflections on the Sermon on the Vigil of Christmas to explain the devotion to the humanity of Jesus as one of the theological basis for learning the route of ascent to contemplation, as understood by the monks developed psychic ability to achieve affection and unity between reason

Definition and classification of hyperkinetic movements in childhood

Hyperkinetic movements are unwanted or excess movements that are frequently seen in children with neurologic disorders. They are an important clinical finding with significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. However, the lack of agreement on standard terminology and definitions interferes with clinical treatment and research. We describe definitions of dystonia, chorea, athetosis, myoclonus, tremor, tics, and stereotypies that arose from a consensus meeting in June 2008 of specialists from different clinical and basic science fields. Dystonia is a movement disorder in which involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements, abnormal postures, or both. Chorea is an ongoing random-appearing sequence of one or more discrete involuntary movements or movement fragments. Athetosis is a slow, continuous, involuntary writhing movement that prevents maintenance of a stable posture. Myoclonus is a sequence of repeated, often nonrhythmic, brief shock-like jerks due to sudden involuntary contraction or relaxation of one or more muscles. Tremor is a rhythmic back-and-forth or oscillating involuntary movement about a joint axis. Tics are repeated, individually recognizable, intermittent movements or movement fragments that are almost always briefly suppressible and are usually associated with awareness of an urge to perform the movement. Stereotypies are repetitive, simple movements that can be voluntarily suppressed. We provide recommended techniques for clinical examination and suggestions for differentiating between the different types of hyperkinetic movements, noting that there may be overlap between conditions. These definitions and the diagnostic recommendations are intended to be reliable and useful for clinical practice, communication between clinicians and researchers, and for the design of quantitative tests that will guide and assess the outcome of future clinical trials. © 2010 Movement Disorder SocietyPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/77973/1/23088_ftp.pd

Altered Dendritic Morphology of Purkinje cells in Dyt1 ΔGAG Knock-In and Purkinje Cell-Specific Dyt1 Conditional Knockout Mice

BACKGROUND: DYT1 early-onset generalized dystonia is a neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions. It is caused by a trinucleotide deletion of a GAG (ΔGAG) in the DYT1 (TOR1A) gene encoding torsinA; the mouse homolog of this gene is Dyt1 (Tor1a). Although structural and functional alterations in the cerebellum have been reported in DYT1 dystonia, neuronal morphology has not been examined in vivo. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this study, we examined the morphology of the cerebellum in Dyt1 ΔGAG knock-in (KI) mice. Golgi staining of the cerebellum revealed a reduction in the length of primary dendrites and a decrease in the number of spines on the distal dendrites of Purkinje cells. To determine if this phenomenon was cell autonomous and mediated by a loss of torsinA function in Purkinje cells, we created a knockout of the Dyt1 gene only in Purkinje cells of mice. We found the Purkinje-cell specific Dyt1 conditional knockout (Dyt1 pKO) mice have similar alterations in Purkinje cell morphology, with shortened primary dendrites and decreased spines on the distal dendrites. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: These results suggest that the torsinA is important for the proper development of the cerebellum and a loss of this function in the Purkinje cells results in an alteration in dendritic structure

Reduction in Inter-Hemispheric Connectivity in Disorders of Consciousness

Clinical diagnosis of disorders of consciousness (DOC) caused by brain injury poses great challenges since patients are often behaviorally unresponsive. A promising new approach towards objective DOC diagnosis may be offered by the analysis of ultra-slow (<0.1 Hz) spontaneous brain activity fluctuations measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during the resting-state. Previous work has shown reduced functional connectivity within the “default network”, a subset of regions known to be deactivated during engaging tasks, which correlated with the degree of consciousness impairment. However, it remains unclear whether the breakdown of connectivity is restricted to the “default network”, and to what degree changes in functional connectivity can be observed at the single subject level. Here, we analyzed resting-state inter-hemispheric connectivity in three homotopic regions of interest, which could reliably be identified based on distinct anatomical landmarks, and were part of the “Extrinsic” (externally oriented, task positive) network (pre- and postcentral gyrus, and intraparietal sulcus). Resting-state fMRI data were acquired for a group of 11 healthy subjects and 8 DOC patients. At the group level, our results indicate decreased inter-hemispheric functional connectivity in subjects with impaired awareness as compared to subjects with intact awareness. Individual connectivity scores significantly correlated with the degree of consciousness. Furthermore, a single-case statistic indicated a significant deviation from the healthy sample in 5/8 patients. Importantly, of the three patients whose connectivity indices were comparable to the healthy sample, one was diagnosed as locked-in. Taken together, our results further highlight the clinical potential of resting-state connectivity analysis and might guide the way towards a connectivity measure complementing existing DOC diagnosis

O conceito de contemplação na educação monástica medieval : reflexões sobre Bernardo de Claraval

Este artigo reflete sobre o pensamento de Bernardo de Claraval (1090-1153) a fim de compreender a dinâmica da educação monacal cisterciense e sua influência no processo educacional do século XII. À luz da história social, na primeira parte, apresenta alguns aspectos das estruturas sociais da cristandandade medieval ocidental, relacionando o contexto mais amplo com a proposta de reforma monacal cisterciense que encaminhou a Igreja para um momento importante frente ao poder temporal, com o papa Inocêncio III (1198-1216). Bernardo de Claraval tornou-se uma peça chave da reforma eclesial que estava em curso na sua época. Seus sermões revelam a dinâmica entre ação e contemplação e, por meio delas, podemos perceber a influência do autor na direção da sociedade, propondo valores como fé e amor autênticos, consciência de si, gosto pela pureza espiritual e a reafirmação da figura humana como imagem e semelhança de Deus. Essa visão humanista cristã e a valorização do conhecimento interior, como consciência de si, foram os fundamentos para o movimento místico desenvolvido pelos cistercienses. Por fim, o texto apresenta reflexões a respeito do Sermão sobre a Vigília do Natal para explicitar a devoção à humanidade de Jesus como uma das bases teológicas para a aprendizagem do itinerário de ascese para a contemplação, entendida como capacidade psíquica desenvolvida pelos monges para alcançar a unidade entre afetividade e razão.This article reflects on the thought of Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) in order to understand the dynamics of the Cistercian monastic education and its influence in the educational process in century XII. In light of social history, the first part presents some aspects of the social structures of medieval christian west, relating the broader context with the Cistercian monastic reform proposal that forwarded the Church for an important moment against the temporal power, with Pope Innocent III (1198-1216). Bernardo of Clairvaux became a part key of the church reform that was in course, from the gregorian reform and has in contact with all the importants points of the conflicts politicians of its time. Its letters and its writhings disclose the dynamics between action and contemplation that if became its life and, by means of them, we can perceive the influence in the direction of the society, that if wants guided in the values of the authenticity of the love, conscience of itself, taste for the pureness spiritual and the affirmation of the dignity of the man as image and similarity of God. This vision Christian humanist and the valuation of the knowledge as conscience of itself, were the basis for the mystical movement developed by the Cistercians. Finally, the text presents reflections on the Sermon on the Vigil of Christmas to explain the devotion to the humanity of Jesus as one of the theological basis for learning the route of ascent to contemplation, as understood by the monks developed psychic ability to achieve affection and unity between reason

O conceito de contemplação na educação monástica medieval: reflexões sobre Bernardo de Claraval

This article reflects on the thought of Bernard of Clairvaux (1090- 1153) in order to understand the dynamics of the Cistercian monastic education and its influence in the educational process in century XII. In light of social history, the first part presents some aspects of the social structures of medieval christian west, relating the broader context with the Cistercian monastic reform proposal that forwarded the Church for an important moment against the temporal power, with Pope Innocent III (1198-1216). Bernardo of Clairvaux became a part key of the church reform that was in course, from the gregorian reform and has in contact with all the importants points of the conflicts politicians of its time. Its letters and its writhings disclose the dynamics between action and contemplation that if became its life and, by means of them, we can perceive the influence in the direction of the society, that if wants guided in the values of the authenticity of the love, conscience of itself, taste for the pureness spiritual and the affirmation of the dignity of the man as image and similarity of God. This vision Christian humanist and the valuation of the knowledge as conscience of itself, were the basis for the mystical movement developed by the Cistercians. Finally, the text presents reflections on the Sermon on the Vigil of Christmas to explain the devotion to the humanity of Jesus as one of the theological basis for learning the route of ascent to contemplation, as understood by the monks developed psychic ability to achieve affection and unity between reason.Este artigo reflete sobre o pensamento de Bernardo de Claraval (1090-1153) a fim de compreender a dinâmica da educação monacal cisterciense e sua influência no processo educacional do século XII. À luz da história social, na primeira parte, apresenta alguns aspectos das estruturas sociais da cristandandade medieval ocidental, relacionando o contexto mais amplo com a proposta de reforma monacal cisterciense que encaminhou a Igreja para um momento importante frente ao poder temporal, com o papa Inocêncio III (1198-1216). Bernardo de Claraval tornou-se uma peça chave da reforma eclesial que estava em curso na sua época. Seus sermões revelam a dinâmica entre ação e contemplação e, por meio delas, podemos perceber a influência do autor na direção da sociedade, propondo valores como fé e amor autênticos, consciência de si, gosto pela pureza espiritual e a reafirmação da figura humana como imagem e semelhança de Deus. Essa visão humanista cristã e a valorização do conhecimento interior, como consciência de si, foram os fundamentos para o movimento místico desenvolvido pelos cistercienses. Por fim, o texto apresenta reflexões a respeito do Sermão sobre a Vigília do Natal para explicitar a devoção à humanidade de Jesus como uma das bases teológicas para a aprendizagem do itinerário de ascese para a contemplação, entendida como capacidade psíquica desenvolvida pelos monges para alcançar a unidade entre afetividade e razão