Adipocinas y síndrome metabólico: múltiples facetas de un proceso fisiopatológico complejo

Debido a la alta morbimortalidad de las enfermedades cardiovasculares y a su relación con trastornos de base como la obesidad y el síndrome metabólico, es crucial entender cuáles son los mecanismos y procesos que desencadenan la alteración del metabolismo y a su vez la generación de dichas enfermedades. En tal sentido, el tejido adiposo y el adipocito tienen un papel fundamental en este proceso, mediante la producción de múltiples adipocinas, algunas clásicas y otras de reciente descripción, pero que hasta ahora empieza a dilucidarse en medio del complejo panorama de interacciones fisiopatológicas conducentes al desarrollo de resistencia a la insulina y del complejo desequilibrio metabólico que conlleva un sinnúmero de complicaciones clínicas. Un grupo de estas adipocinas tiene claros efectos proinflamatorios, mientras que otras pueden clasificarse como anti-inflamatorias, las cuales contrarrestan en cierta medida y hasta cierto punto las acciones de las otras. Cuando esta homeostasis se rompe, la cascada de inflamación crónica allí originada desencadena resistencia a la insulina y se inicia el desarrollo del síndrome metabólico a partir de la obesidad, que a su vez genera alteraciones de la respuesta del adipocito a diferentes estímulos. Esto, sumado a los efectos de otros elementos, configura un complejo cuadro de factores que es necesario tener en cuenta para el abordaje correcto de la obesidad y sus patologías asociadas.Due to the high morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases and their relationship with basic disorders such as obesity and metabolic syndrome, the understanding of the mechanisms and processes that trigger metabolic alterations and generate such diseases, is a crucial matter. In this regard, adipose tissue and adipocytes have a crucial role in this process through the production of multiple adipokines, some of them classical and others recently described; however, until now their role is beginning to be elucidated in the middle of the complex picture of pathophysiological interactions leading to insulin resistance and the metabolic imbalance that leads to a large number of clinic complications. A group of these adipokines has clear pro-inflammatory effects, while others can be classified as anti-inflammatory, which counteract in some extent the effects of the others. When this homeostasis is broken, the originated cascade of chronic inflammation triggers insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome is developed from obesity, which in turn generates changes in adipocyte response to different stimuli. This, together with the effects of other elements, forms a complex picture of factors that need to be considered for the correct management of obesity and its comorbidities

Mathematical model for the analysis of vaccination and vector control on malaria incidence

Objectives:  A model describing malaria behavior through a system of ordinary differential equations. Methods: In order to construct the model, the interaction between man and the malaria vector was taken into account in different infectivity and immunity states. We also considered the vaccination effect by means of an infection blocking vaccine and parameters representing larval and adult vector control. Results: The model developed enables simulation of malaria disease behavior in various settings: in a natural manner without intervention, with either vector control or vaccination, and considering vector control and vaccination together. Conclusions: We obtained numerical conditions for the existence of a non-trivial equilibrium state, conditioned to the existence of a single real positive root of a fourth degree polynomial. This is a problem that remains unsolved.Objetivos: Un modelo describiendo el comportamiento de la malaria mediante un sistema de ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias. Métodos: Se tuvieron en cuenta para la construcción del modelo, la interacción del hombre con el vector de la Malaria y diferentes estados de infectividad e inmunidad. También se consideraron los estados correspondientes al efecto de vacunación mediante una vacuna bloqueadora de infección y parámetros que representan el control de larvas y adultos del vector. Resultados : El modelo desarrollado permite simular el comportamiento de la enfermedad malárica en diferentes escenarios: en forma natural sin intervención, con control del vector o vacunación y considerando control y vacunación. Conclusiones: Se obtienen numéricamente condiciones para la existencia de un estado de equilibrio no trivial, condicionada a la existencia de una única raíz real positiva de un polinomio de cuarto grado. Este es un problema que queda abierto

Coping Strategies Used by Female Victims of the Colombian Armed Conflict: The Women in the Colombian Conflict (MUCOCO) Program

The effects of armed conflict on women in post-conflict situations are an area of analysis for social disciplines. This study will analyze the situation in Colombia, currently involved in a peace restoration process. The aim is to verify the efficacy of a coping and emotion regulation program analyzing victimization as well as the coping strategies employed in response to these violent acts. The program focuses on 62 women contacted through the Ruta Pacífica de las Mujeres, a nongovernmental organization. The program had a positive effect on women, reporting lower levels of posttraumatic stress, more functional coping strategies, and less use of dysfunctional strategies. All emotional cognitive and social indicators improved. Women felt emotionally better, perceiving greater social support and more trust in institutions. Survivors had more self-confidence to achieve their goals and solve their problems. The implications in a context of peace reconstruction and search for social cohesion are discussed.project (Proyectos CUD 2017) funded by the Oficina de Cooperación al Desarrollo (Development Cooperation Office) of the Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (University of the Basque Country, Spain) and the University of Burgos funding for the research group SIQoL (Y133GI)

Financial feasibility of end-user designed rainwater harvesting and greywater reuse systems for high water use households

© 2017, The Author(s). Water availability pressures, competing end-uses and sewers at capacity are all drivers for change in urban water management. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) and greywater reuse (GWR) systems constitute alternatives to reduce drinking water usage and in the case of RWH, reduce roof runoff entering sewers. Despite the increasing popularity of installations in commercial buildings, RWH and GWR technologies at a household scale have proved less popular, across a range of global contexts. For systems designed from the top-down, this is often due to the lack of a favourable cost-benefit (where subsidies are unavailable), though few studies have focused on performing full capital and operational financial assessments, particularly in high water consumption households. Using a bottom-up design approach, based on a questionnaire survey with 35 households in a residential complex in Bucaramanga, Colombia, this article considers the initial financial feasibility of three RWH and GWR system configurations proposed for high water using households (equivalent to >203L per capita per day). A full capital and operational financial assessment was performed at a more detailed level for the most viable design using historic rainfall data. For the selected configuration (‘Alt 2’), the estimated potable water saving was 44% (equivalent to 131m3/year) with a rate of return on investment of 6.5% and an estimated payback period of 23years. As an initial end-user-driven design exercise, these results are promising and constitute a starting point for facilitating such approaches to urban water management at the household scale

Overview of recent TJ-II stellarator results

The main results obtained in the TJ-II stellarator in the last two years are reported. The most important topics investigated have been modelling and validation of impurity transport, validation of gyrokinetic simulations, turbulence characterisation, effect of magnetic configuration on transport, fuelling with pellet injection, fast particles and liquid metal plasma facing components. As regards impurity transport research, a number of working lines exploring several recently discovered effects have been developed: the effect of tangential drifts on stellarator neoclassical transport, the impurity flux driven by electric fields tangent to magnetic surfaces and attempts of experimental validation with Doppler reflectometry of the variation of the radial electric field on the flux surface. Concerning gyrokinetic simulations, two validation activities have been performed, the comparison with measurements of zonal flow relaxation in pellet-induced fast transients and the comparison with experimental poloidal variation of fluctuations amplitude. The impact of radial electric fields on turbulence spreading in the edge and scrape-off layer has been also experimentally characterized using a 2D Langmuir probe array. Another remarkable piece of work has been the investigation of the radial propagation of small temperature perturbations using transfer entropy. Research on the physics and modelling of plasma core fuelling with pellet and tracer-encapsulated solid-pellet injection has produced also relevant results. Neutral beam injection driven Alfvénic activity and its possible control by electron cyclotron current drive has been examined as well in TJ-II. Finally, recent results on alternative plasma facing components based on liquid metals are also presented. ISSN:0029-5515 ISSN:1741-432

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Virus del papiloma humano en cinco regiones de Colombia : una realidad latente

El cáncer del cuello uterino (CCU), considerado como la segunda causa de muerte por neoplasias malignas a nivel mundial, afecta principalmente a mujeres en edad fértil. Colombia no escapa a esta realidad, puesto que la incidencia anual de CCU se estima entre 32,9 y 36,4 casos en 100 mil mujeres. Para tratar de contrarrestar estas cifras, algunas investigaciones se han orientado al desarrollo de métodos complementarios a la citología a fin de detectar el Virus del Papiloma Humano, agente causante de esa enfermedad. Investigadores colombianos han realizado estudios que apuntan hacia ese objetivo. Uno de éstos ha reclutado, hasta el momento, a 40mil mujeres provenientes de 16 departamentos. Con los datos obtenidos, se ha logrado establecer que en nuestro país hay un gran número de mujeres infectadas por el VPH, las cuales, en su mayoría viven en regiones con altas tasas de morbilidad mortalidad y no tienen fácil acceso a los servicios de salud

Environmental change in sustainable management approach in Brazilian public education: Multiple case study

This work aimed to study the Environmental Agenda in Public Administration - A3P in two public institutions in Brazil: Federal Institute of Tocantins - IFTO and Technological Education Federal Center - Cefet/RJ. A3P implementation is intended to insert an Environmental Management system, mitigating risks of loss in public assets and natural resources waste. In addition, it proposes new management approach encouraging environmental education. Environmental Agenda in Public Administration - A3P encourages Civil Servants to embody environmental management principles in their daily activities saving natural resources, reducing public spending through the more rational use of public goods and proper residues management. This work can contribute as a source of information about topic, whose publications still are scarce in the country, thereby encouraging the adoption of A3P in other Brazilian public institutions