Psychology as a natural science in the eighteenth century

Psychology considered as a natural science began as Aristotelian "physics" or "natural philosophy" of the soul. C. Wolff placed psychology under metaphysics, coordinate with cosmology. Scottish thinkers placed it within moral philosophy, but distinguished its "physical" laws from properly moral laws (for guiding conduct). Several Germans sought to establish an autonomous empirical psychology as a branch of natural science. British and French visual theorists developed mathematically precise theories of size and distance perception; they created instruments to test these theories and to measure visual phenomena such as the duration of visual impressions. These investigators typically were dualists who included mental phenomena within nature

Management of patients with inherited bleeding disorders in oral surgery: A 13-year experience

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Abnormal bleeding phenotype for mild haemophilia B patients with the p.Ile112Thr variation on the gene for factor IX

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Determinants of Disability at 6 Months after Stroke: The GRECogVASC Study

International audienceBACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the contributions of background disorders responsible for participation restriction as indexed by a structured interview for the modified Rankin Scale (mRS-SI). METHODS: A subset of 256 patients was assessed at 6~months after stroke using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), gait score, comprehensive cognitive battery (yielding a global cognitive Z-score), behavioral dysexecutive disorders (DDs), anxiety and depressive symptoms, epilepsy, and headache. Following bivariate analyses, determinants of participation restriction were selected using ordinal regression analysis with partial odds. RESULTS: Poststroke participation restriction (mRS-SI score~>~1) was observed in 59% of the patients. In bivariate analyses, mRS-SI score was associated with prestroke mRS-SI score, 6-month NIHSS score, gait score, global cognitive Z-score, behavioral DDs, and presence of anxiety and depression (all: p~=~0.0001; epilepsy: p~=0.3; headache: p~=~0.7). After logistic regression analysis, NIHSS score was associated with increasing mRS-SI score (p~=~0.00001). Prestroke mRS-SI score (p~=~0.00001), behavioral DDs (p~=~0.0008) and global cognitive Z-score (p~=~0.01) were associated with both mRS-SI~score >~1 and mRS-SI~score >~2. In addition, gait score was associated with mRS-SI~score >~2 (p~=~0.00001). This model classified 85% of mRS-SI scores correctly (p~=~0.001). Structural equation modeling showed the contributions of gait limitation (standardized coefficient [SC]: 0.68; p~=~0.01), prestroke mRS-SI (SC: 0.41; p~=~0.01), severity of neurological impairment (SC: 0.16; p~=~0.01), global cognitive Z-score (SC: -0.14; p~=~0.05), and behavioral DDs (SC: 0.13; p~=~0.01). CONCLUSION: These results provide a statistical model of weights of determinants responsible for poststroke participation restriction and highlight a new independent determinant: behavioral DDs

Optical alignment of the Solar Orbiter EUI flight instrument

The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) instrument for the Solar Orbiter mission will image the solar corona in the extreme ultraviolet (17.1 nm and 30.4 nm) and in the vacuum ultraviolet (121.6 nm). It is composed of three channels, each one containing a telescope. Two of these channels are high resolution imagers (HRI) at respectively 17.1 nm (HRI-EUV) and 121.6 nm (HRI-Ly∝), each one composed of two off-axis aspherical mirrors. The third channel is a full sun imager (FSI) composed of one single off-axis aspherical mirror and working at 17.1 nm and 30.4 nm alternatively. This paper presents the optical alignment of each telescope. The alignment process involved a set of Optical Ground Support Equipment (OGSE) such as theodolites, laser tracker, visible-light interferometer as well as a 3D Coordinates Measuring Machine (CMM). The mirrors orientation have been measured with respect to reference alignment cubes using theodolites. Their positions with respect to reference pins on the instrument optical bench have been measured using the 3D CMM. The mirrors orientations and positions have been adjusted by shimming of the mirrors mount during the alignment process. After this mechanical alignment, the quality of the wavefront has been checked by interferometric measurements, in an iterative process with the orientation and position adjustment to achieve the required image quality

Obstetrical complications in hereditary fibrinogen disorders: the Fibrinogest Study.

BACKGROUND Women with hereditary fibrinogen disorders (HFDs) seem to be at increased risk of adverse obstetrical outcomes, but epidemiologic data are limited Patients/methods: We conducted a retrospective and prospective international study to determine the prevalence of pregnancy complications, the modalities and management of delivery, and the postpartum events. RESULTS A total of 425 pregnancies were investigated from 159 women (49 hypofibrinogenemia, 95 dysfibrinogenemia, 15 hypodysfibrinogenemia). Overall, only 55 (12.9%) pregnancies resulted in an early miscarriage, 3 (0.7%) in a late miscarriage and 4 (0.9%) in an intrauterine fetal death. Prevalence of live birth was similar among the types of HFD (p=0.31). Obstetrical complications were observed in 54 (17.3%) of live birth pregnancies, including vaginal bleeding (14, 4.4%), retroplacental hematoma (13, 4.1%), and thrombosis (4, 1.3%). Most 56deliveries were spontaneous (218, 74.1%) with a vaginal non-instrumental delivery (195, 63.3%). A neuraxial anesthesia was performed in 116 (40.4%) pregnancies, while 71 (16.6%) and 129 (44.9%) were under general or no anesthesia, respectively. A fibrinogen infusion was administered in 28 (8.9%) deliveries. Postpartum hemorrhages were observed in 62 (19.9%) of pregnancies. Postpartum venous thrombotic events occurred in 5 (1.6%) pregnancies. Women with hypofibrinogenemia were more at risk of bleeding during the pregnancy (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Compared to European epidemiologic data, we did not observe a greater frequency of miscarriage while retroplacental hematoma, postpartum hemorrhage and thrombosis were more frequent. Delivery was often performed without locoregional anesthesia. Our findings highlight the urgent need for guidance on management of pregnancy in HFDs