59 research outputs found

    Nouvelles méthodes de synthÚse pour la formation de liaisons C(aryl)-hétéroatome et C(aryl)-C par réactions de substitution nucléophile aromatique et vinylique

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    L’objectif central de notre thĂšse de doctorat visait l’utilisation d’halogĂ©nures d’aryles en tant qu’électrophiles dans des rĂ©actions de substitution nuclĂ©ophile aromatique (SNAr). D’abord, nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  former des liaisons C(aryl)-hĂ©tĂ©roatome par rĂ©action entre des nuclĂ©ophiles hĂ©tĂ©roatomiques et des halogĂ©nures d’aryles substituĂ©s par des groupements Ă©lectro-attracteurs. Les rĂ©sultats de cette Ă©tude ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©s Ă  des incohĂ©rences relevĂ©es dans la littĂ©rature et montrent que l’ordre de rĂ©activitĂ© d’halogĂ©nures d’aryles communĂ©ment acceptĂ© n’est pas toujours respectĂ©. Un effet positif a Ă©tĂ© observĂ© par l’ajout de 2,2,6,6-tĂ©tramĂ©thyl-3,5-heptanedione pour l’arylation de phĂ©nols avec des halogĂ©nures d’aryles substituĂ©s par des groupements Ă©lectro-donneurs, ce qui en fait la premiĂšre mĂ©thode capable de gĂ©nĂ©rer des diarylĂ©thers par cette voie rĂ©actionnelle sans ajout de catalyseur mĂ©tallique. Ensuite, nous avons mis au point une rĂ©action gĂ©nĂ©rale d’α-arylation de cĂ©tones aromatiques avec des halogĂ©nures d’aryles dans des conditions rĂ©actionnelles douces. L’utilisation du t-BuOK, une base inorganique capable de transferts mono-Ă©lectroniques, et de DMF comme additif permet la synthĂšse d’α-arylcĂ©tones avec d’excellents rendements. Cette mĂ©thode a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e Ă  la synthĂšse d’hĂ©tĂ©rocycles fusionnĂ©s et de (Z)-tamoxifĂšne, des molĂ©cules montrant une activitĂ© biologique. Une Ă©tude mĂ©canistique a montrĂ© que l’anion carbamoyle du DMF est impliquĂ© dans une Ă©tape clĂ© de transfert mono-Ă©lectronique avec des halogĂ©nures d’aryles. Nous avons Ă©galement appliquĂ© cette mĂ©thode Ă  la substitution nuclĂ©ophile vinylique de ÎČ-halostyrĂšnes. Bien que des prĂ©cĂ©dents de la littĂ©rature font Ă©tat de mĂ©canismes ioniques pour les rĂ©actions de ces substrats, nos rĂ©sultats expĂ©rimentaux supportent un mĂ©canisme radicalaire. Enfin, nous avons tentĂ© de mettre au point le premier protocole permettant la synthĂšse de biaryles dissymĂ©triques au dĂ©part d’halogĂ©nures d’aryles et de triarylbismuths(III) via une catalyse par des sels de cuivre. MalgrĂ© le fait que de nombreux ligands bidentates et tĂ©tradentates ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©s, les faibles rendements obtenus font que les conditions rĂ©actionnelles demeurent Ă  optimiser. Globalement, nous avons donc apportĂ© une contribution en ce qui concerne la dĂ©termination de la frontiĂšre expĂ©rimentale entre la SNAr et la catalyse mĂ©tallique, la fonctionnalisation en α de cĂ©tones aromatiques et la synthĂšse de biaryles dissymĂ©triques par rĂ©actions de couplages croisĂ©s de triarylbismuths catalysĂ©es au cuivre.The primary objective of our doctoral research was centered on the use of aryl halides as electrophiles for nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr). Firstly, we tried to create C(aryl)-heteroatom bonds by reacting heteroatom nucleophiles with aryl halides substituted by electron-withdrawing groups. The results of this study were compared with inconsistencies found in the literature and show that the expected order of reactivity of aryl halides is not always observed. A beneficial effect was observed by adding 2,2,6,6 tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione to the reaction of phenols and aryl halides substituted by electron-donating groups in what is the first method allowing the synthesis of diarylethers without added metal catalyst by this pathway. Secondly, we developed a general α-arylation reaction of aryl ketones with aryl halides under mild reaction conditions. Use of KOt-Bu, an inorganic base capable of single-electron transfer, and DMF as additive enables the synthesis of α-arylketones in excellent yields. This method was applied to the synthesis of fused heterocycles and (Z) tamoxifen, molecules possessing biological activity. A mechanistic study showed that the carbamoyl anion of DMF is involved in a single-electron transfer reaction with aryl halides as the key step of the mechanism. We next applied this method to the nucleophilic vinylic substitution of ÎČ halostyrenes. While literature precedents suggest ionic mechanisms for reactions involving these substrates, we obtained experimental evidence suggesting a radical mechanism. Thirdly, we tried to develop the first protocol enabling the copper-catalyzed synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryls starting from aryl halides and triarylbismuthanes(III). Although many bidentate and tetradentated ligands were tested, further optimization is required in order to develop a general method, as only low yields are obtained. Globally, we have contributed to the determination of the experimental frontier between SNAr and metallic catalysis, to the α-functionnalization of aryl ketones and to the synthesis of biaryls through copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of triarylbismuths

    Transition-Metal-Free α-Vinylation of Enolizable Ketones with ÎČ-Bromostyrenes

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    An a-vinylation of enolizable ketones has been developed by using b-bromostyrenes and a KOtBu/NMP system. ÎČ,Îł-Unsaturated ketones of E configuration were obtained in excellent yield and selectivity. Further synthetic possibilities are highlighted by one-pot functionalization via trapping of intermediate dienolates with alkyl, allyl, benzyl, and propargyl halidesto generate quaternary centers. The reported transformation is believed to proceed via phenylacetylene and propargylic alcohol intermediates

    Transition-metal-free a-arylation of enolizable aryl ketones and mechanistic evidence for a radical process

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    The a-arylation of enolizable aryl ketones can be carried out with aryl halides under transition-metal-free conditions using KOtBu in DMF. The a-aryl ketones thus obtained can be used for step- and cost-economic syntheses of fused heterocycles and Tamoxifen. Mechanistic studies demonstrate the synergetic role of base and solvent for the initiation of the radical process

    Mild, aqueous α-arylation of ketones : towards new diversification tools for halogenated metabolites and drug molecules

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    The authors thank the European Research Council (FP7/2007-2013/ERC grant agreement no 614779 to RJMG) and (FP7 2009-2014/ERC agreement no 227817 to SPN) for generous funding.The palladium-catalyzed aqueous α-arylation of ketones was developed and tested for a large variety of reaction partners. These mild conditions enabled the coupling of aryl/ alkyl-ketones with N-protected halotryptophans, heterocyclic haloarenes, and challenging base-sensitive compounds. The synthetic potential of this new methodology for the diversification of complex bioactive molecules was exemplified by derivatising prochlorperazine. The methodology is mild, aqueous and flexible, representing a means of functionalizing a wide range of halo-aromatics and therefore has the potential to be extended to complex molecule diversification.PostprintPeer reviewe

    New Synthetic Methods for the Creation of C(aryl)-Heteroatom and C(aryl)-C Bonds Through Nucleophilic Aromatic and Vinylic Substitutions

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    L'objectif central de notre thĂšse de doctorat visait l'utilisation d'halogĂ©nures d'aryles en tant qu'Ă©lectrophiles dans des rĂ©actions de substitution nuclĂ©ophile aromatique (SNAr). D'abord, nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  former des liaisons C(aryl) hĂ©tĂ©roatome par rĂ©action entre des nuclĂ©ophiles hĂ©tĂ©roatomiques et des halogĂ©nures d'aryles substituĂ©s par des groupements Ă©lectro-attracteurs. Les rĂ©sultats de cette Ă©tude ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©s Ă  des incohĂ©rences relevĂ©es dans la littĂ©rature et montrent que l'ordre de rĂ©activitĂ© d'halogĂ©nures d'aryles communĂ©ment acceptĂ© n'est pas toujours respectĂ©. Un effet positif a Ă©tĂ© observĂ© par l'ajout de 2,2,6,6-tĂ©tramĂ©thyl-3,5-heptanedione pour l'arylation de phĂ©nols avec des halogĂ©nures d'aryles substituĂ©s par des groupements Ă©lectro-donneurs, ce qui en fait la premiĂšre mĂ©thode capable de gĂ©nĂ©rer des diarylĂ©thers par cette voie rĂ©actionnelle sans ajout de catalyseurs mĂ©talliques. Ensuite, nous avons mis au point une rĂ©action gĂ©nĂ©rale d'± arylation de cĂ©tones aromatiques avec des halogĂ©nures d'aryles dans des conditions rĂ©actionnelles douces. L'utilisation du t-BuOK, une base inorganique capable de transferts mono-Ă©lectroniques, et de DMF comme additif permet la synthĂšse d'±-arylcĂ©tones avec d'excellents rendements. Cette mĂ©thode a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e Ă  la synthĂšse d'hĂ©tĂ©rocycles fusionnĂ©s et de (Z)-tamoxifĂšne, des molĂ©cules montrant une activitĂ© biologique. Une Ă©tude mĂ©canistique a montrĂ© que l'anion carbamoyle du DMF est impliquĂ© dans une Ă©tape clĂ© de transfert mono-Ă©lectronique avec des halogĂ©nures d'aryles. Nous avons Ă©galement appliquĂ© cette mĂ©thode Ă  la substitution nuclĂ©ophile vinylique de ″-halostyrĂšnes. Bien que des prĂ©cĂ©dents de la littĂ©rature font Ă©tat de mĂ©canismes ioniques pour les rĂ©actions de ces substrats, nos rĂ©sultats expĂ©rimentaux supportent un mĂ©canisme radicalaire. Enfin, nous avons tentĂ© de mettre au point le premier protocole permettant la synthĂšse de biaryles dissymĂ©triques au dĂ©part d'halogĂ©nures d'aryles et de triarylbismuths(III) via une catalyse par des sels de cuivre. MalgrĂ© le fait que de nombreux ligands bidentates et tĂ©tradentates ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©s, les faibles rendements obtenus font que les conditions rĂ©actionnelles demeurent Ă  optimiser. Globalement, nous avons donc apportĂ© une contribution en ce qui concerne la dĂ©termination de la frontiĂšre expĂ©rimentale entre la SNAr et la catalyse mĂ©tallique, la fonctionnalisation en ± de cĂ©tones aromatiques et la synthĂšse de biaryles dissymĂ©triques par rĂ©actions de couplages croisĂ©s de triarylbismuths catalysĂ©es au cuivre.The primary objective of our doctoral research was centered on the use of aryl halides as electrophiles for nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr). First, we tried to create C(aryl)−heteroatom bonds by reacting heteroatom nucleophiles with aryl halides substituted by electron-withdrawing groups. The results of this study were compared with inconsistencies found in the literature and show that the expected order of reactivity of aryl halides is not always observed. A beneficial effect was observed by adding 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione to the reaction of phenols and aryl halides substituted by electron-donating groups in what is the first method allowing the synthesis of diarylethers without added metal catalysts by this pathway. Second, we developed a general α-arylation reaction of aryl ketones with aryl halides under mild reaction conditions. Use of KOt-Bu, an inorganic base capable of single-electron transfer, and DMF as additive enables the synthesis of α-arylketones in excellent yields. This method was applied to the synthesis of fused heterocycles and (Z) tamoxifen, molecules possessing biological activity. A mechanistic study showed that the carbamoyl anion of DMF is involved in a single-electron transfer reaction with aryl halides as the key step of the mechanism. We next applied this method to the nucleophilic vinylic substitution of ÎČ-halogenostyrenes. While literature precedents suggest ionic mechanisms for reactions involving these substrates, we obtained experimental evidence suggesting a radical mechanism. Third, we tried to develop the first protocol enabling the copper-catalyzed synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryls starting from aryl halides and triarylbismuthanes(III). Although many bidentate and tetradentated ligands were tested, further optimization is required in order to develop a general method, as only low yields are obtained. Globally, we have contributed to the determination of the experimental frontier between SNAr and metallic catalysis, to the α-functionnalization of aryl ketones and to the synthesis of biaryls through copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of triarylbismuths

    On the Frontier Between Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution and Catalysis

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    International audienceA study on the arylation of heteroatom nucleophiles by using activated haloarenes, with or without metal catalysts, is reported. A discussion concerning the involvement of traces of metals is presented, supported by an unexpected ''ligand'' effect in the absence of added metal catalysts. We believe that the frontier between nucleophilic aromatic substitution and catalysis will likely prove to be much harder to delimit than is generally thought

    Transition-Metal-Free Synthesis of Biarylmethanes from Aryl Iodides and Benzylic Ketones

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    International audienceAn original metal-free procedure for the synthesis of biarylmethanes is disclosed herein. The reactions occur with high selectivity starting from aryl iodides and benzylic ketones in the presence of superbasic media (CsOH/DMSO). This procedure allows a straightforward access to a wide range of biarylmethane derivatives substituted with electron-withdrawing and -donating substituents

    Transition-Metal-Free α-Vinylation of Enolizable Ketones with ÎČ-Bromostyrenes

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    International audienceAn α-vinylation of enolizable ketones has been developed by using ÎČ-bromostyrenes and a KOtBu/NMP system. ÎČ,Îł-Unsaturated ketones of E configuration were obtained in excellent yield and selectivity. Further synthetic possibilities are highlighted by one-pot functionalization via trapping of intermediate dienolates with alkyl, allyl, benzyl, and propargyl halides to generate quaternary centers. The reported transformation is believed to involve phenylacetylene and propargylic alcohol derivatives
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