Theodor Mommsen (1817-1903) auf Medaillen und Plaketten. Sammlung des Instituts für Klassische Archäologie der Universität Tübingen.

Zusammenstellung mehrer Beiträge zu den Medaillen und Plaketten auf Theodor Mommsen aus der Sammlung des Instituts für Klassische Archäologie der Universität Tübingen

Zum Zusammenhang von Geschlechterungleichheiten in Bildung, Beruf und Karriere : ein Ausblick

Ziel der folgenden Ausführungen im abschliessenden Teil dieses Sammelbands zur Entwicklung und Genese von geschlechtsspezifischen Bildungsungleichheiten ist es, den Blick zu öffnen in Richtung Berufsleben. Wie sind die verbesserten Bildungsmöglichkeiten von Frauen zu interpretieren? Ist es in den letzten Jahrzehnten gelungen, eines der grundlegendsten gesellschaftlichen Ungleichheitsverhältnisse zu beseitigen? Oder beginnt sich dieses sogar zu verkehren in eine gesellschaftliche Benachteiligung der Männer? Wir gehen bei unseren Überlegungen von der These aus, dass ein Abbau von Benachteiligungen der Frauen im Bildungssystem für sich genommen noch wenig aussagekräftig ist, wenn wir uns mit der klassischen soziologischen Frage der Persistenz bzw. des Wandels von gesellschaftlichen Ungleichheiten befassen wollen. Erst wenn die ganze Verknüpfung von Bildung und gesellschaftlicher Ungleichheit in den Blick genommen wird und sich dabei zeigt, dass Frauen ihre Bildungsgewinne auch in entsprechende Chancen im Beschäftigungssystem umsetzen können, sind ihre verbesserten Bildungschancen ein Gewinn für die Individuen und ein Fortschritt für die Gesellschaft – und erst dann könnten mögliche Bildungsvorteile von Frauen, wie sie in den vorliegenden Aufsätzen z.T. diagnostiziert werden, gar als neue gesellschaftliche Benachteiligungen von Männern skandalisiert werden

StreAM-Tg : algorithms for analyzing coarse grained RNA dynamics based on Markov models of connectivity-graphs

Background In this work, we present a new coarse grained representation of RNA dynamics. It is based on adjacency matrices and their interactions patterns obtained from molecular dynamics simulations. RNA molecules are well-suited for this representation due to their composition which is mainly modular and assessable by the secondary structure alone. These interactions can be represented as adjacency matrices of k nucleotides. Based on those, we define transitions between states as changes in the adjacency matrices which form Markovian dynamics. The intense computational demand for deriving the transition probability matrices prompted us to develop StreAM-Tg, a stream-based algorithm for generating such Markov models of k-vertex adjacency matrices representing the RNA. Results We benchmark StreAM-Tg(a) for random and RNA unit sphere dynamic graphs (b) for the robustness of our method against different parameters. Moreover, we address a riboswitch design problem by applying StreAM-Tg on six long term molecular dynamics simulation of a synthetic tetracycline dependent riboswitch (500 ns) in combination with five different antibiotics. Conclusions The proposed algorithm performs well on large simulated as well as real world dynamic graphs. Additionally, StreAM-Tg provides insights into nucleotide based RNA dynamics in comparison to conventional metrics like the root-mean square fluctuation. In the light of experimental data our results show important design opportunities for the riboswitch

Effect of macrocyclization and tetramethylrhodamine labeling on chemokine binding peptides

Receptor‐derived peptides have played an important role in elucidating chemokine‐receptor interactions. For the inflammatory chemokine CXC‐class chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), a site II‐mimetic peptide has been derived from parts of extracellular loops 2 and 3 and adjacent transmembrane helices of its receptor CXC‐class chemokine receptor 1 (Helmer et al., RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 25657). The peptide sequence with a C‐terminal glutamine did not bind to CXCL8, whereas one with a C‐terminal glutamate did but with low micromolar affinity. We sought to improve the affinity and protease stability of the latter peptide through cyclization while also cyclizing the former for control purposes. To identify a cyclization strategy that permits a receptor‐like interaction, we conducted a molecular dynamics simulation of CXCL8 in complex with full‐length CXC‐class chemokine receptor 1. We introduced a linker to provide an appropriate spacing between the termini and used an on‐resin side‐chain‐to‐tail cyclization strategy. Upon chemokine binding, the fluorescence intensity of the tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA)‐labeled cyclic peptides increased whereas the fluorescence anisotropy decreased. Additional molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the fluorophore interacts with the peptide macrocycle so that chemokine binding leads to its displacement and observed changes in fluorescence. Macrocyclization of both 18‐amino acid‐long peptides led to the same low micromolar affinity for CXCL8. Likewise, both TAMRA‐labeled linear peptides interacted with CXCL8 with similar affinities. Interestingly, the linear TAMRA‐labeled peptides were more resistant to tryptic digestion than the unlabeled counterparts, whereas the cyclized peptides were not degraded at all. We conclude that the TAMRA fluorophore tends to interact with peptides altering their protease stability and behavior in fluorescence‐based assays

Peptide-specific recognition of human cytomegalovirus strains controls adaptive natural killer cells

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that lack antigen-specific rearranged receptors, a hallmark of adaptive lymphocytes. In some people infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), an NK cell subset expressing the activating receptor NKG2C undergoes clonal-like expansion that partially resembles anti-viral adaptive responses. However, the viral ligand that drives the activation and differentiation of adaptive NKG2C+NK cells has remained unclear. Here we found that adaptive NKG2C+NK cells differentially recognized distinct HCMV strains encoding variable UL40 peptides that, in combination with pro-inflammatory signals, controlled the population expansion and differentiation of adaptive NKG2C+NK cells. Thus, we propose that polymorphic HCMV peptides contribute to shaping of the heterogeneity of adaptive NKG2C+NK cell populations among HCMV-seropositive people