Flavoring Agents Present In A Dentifrice Can Modify Volatile Sulphur Compounds (vscs) Formation In Morning Bad Breath

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a flavor-containing dentifrice on the formation of volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) in morning bad breath. A two-step, blinded, crossover, randomized study was carried out in 50 dental students with a healthy periodontium divided into two experimental groups: flavor-containing dentifrice (test) and non-flavor-containing dentifrice (control). The volunteers received the designated dentifrice and a new toothbrush for a 3 X/day brushing regimen for 2 periods of 30 days. A seven-day washout interval was used between the periods. The assessed parameters were: plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), organoleptic breath scores (ORG), VSC levels (as measured by a portable sulphide monitor) before (H1) and after (H2) cleaning of the tongue, tongue coating (TC) wet weight and BANA test from TC samples. The intra-group analysis showed a decrease in ORG, from 3 to 2, after 30 days for the test group (p 0.05). These findings suggest that a flavor-containing dentifrice seems to prevent VSCs formation in morning bad breath regardless of the amount of TC in periodontally healthy subjects.223252257Lee, C.H., Kho, H.S., Chung, S.C., Lee, S.W., Kim, Y.K., The relationship between volatile sulfur compounds and major halitosis-inducing factors (2003) J Periodontol, 74 (1), pp. 32-37Goldberg, S., Kozlovsky, D., Gordon, D., Gelernter, I., Sintov, A., Rosenberg, M., Cadaverine as a putative component of oral malodor (1994) J Dent Res, 73 (6), pp. 1168-1172Persson, S., Edlund, M.B., Claesson, R., Carlsson, J., The formation of hydrogen sulphide and methyl mercaptan by oral bacteria (1990) Oral Microbiol Immunol, 5 (4), pp. 195-201Sharma, N.C., Galustians, H.J., Qaqish, J., The clinical effectiveness of a dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer for controlling breath odor measured organoleptically twelve hours after toothbrushing (1999) J Clin Dent, 10 (4), pp. 131-134Faveri, M., Hayacibara, M.F., Pupio, G.C., Cury, J.A., Tsuzuki, C.O., Hayacibara, R.M., A cross-over study on the effect of various therapeutic approaches to morning breath odor (2006) J Clin Periodontol, 33 (8), pp. 555-560Rosenberg, M., McCulloch, C.A.G., Measurements of oral mal-odor: Current methods and future prospects (1992) J Periodontol, 63 (9), pp. 776-782Nogueira-Filho, G.R., Duarte, P.M., Toledo, S., Tabchoury, C.P.M., Cury, J.A., Effect of triclosan dentifrices on mouth volatile sulphur compounds and dental plaque trypsin-like activity during experimental gingivitis development (2002) J Clin Periodontol, 29 (12), pp. 1059-1064Niles, H.P., Miller, S., Gaffar, A., Mouth odor reduction by a sodium bicarbonate dentifrice (1993) J Dent Res, 72 (4), pp. 249-252Brunette, D.M., Proskin, H.M., Nelson, B.J., The effects of dentifrice systems on oral malodor (1998) J Clin Dent, 9 (3), pp. 76-82Gerlach, R.W., Hyde, J.D., Poore, C.L., Stevens, D.P., Witt, J.J., Breath effects of three marketed dentifrices: A comparative study evaluating single and cumulative use (1998) J Clin Dent, 9 (4), pp. 83-88Bowen, W.H., The significance of toothpaste in oral hygiene (1992) Embery G, Rölla G. Clinical and Biological Aspects of Dentifrices, pp. 9-16. , Oxford University Press: New York;Davis, W.B., The function of toothpaste components (1981) The Windsor Seminar on toothpaste standards with special emphasis on abrasion, , Jorgensen KD, editor, Council of Public Health, Danish Dental Association;Ainamo, J., Bay, I., Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque (1975) Int Dent J, 25 (4), pp. 229-235Kozlovsky, A., Gordon, D., Gelernter, I., Loesche, W.J., Rosenberg, M., Correlation between the BANA test and oral malodor parameters (1994) J Dent Res, 73 (5), pp. 1036-1042Rosenberg, M., Kulkarni, G.V., Bosy, A., McCulloch, C.A., Reproducibility and sensitivity of oral malodor measurements with a portable sulphide monitor (1991) J Dent Res, 70 (11), pp. 1436-1440Loesche, W.J., Bretz, W.A., Lopatin, D., Stoll, J., Rau, C.F., Hillenburg, K.L., Multi-center clinical evaluation of a chairside method for detecting certain periodontopathic bacteria in periodontal disease (1990) J Periodontol, 61 (3), pp. 189-196Loesche, W.J., Kazor, C., Microbiology and treatment of halitosis (2002) Periodontol 2000, 28 (1), pp. 256-279Ayres M, Ayres M Jr, Ayres DL, Dos Santos AS. BioEstat 2.0: Aplicações estatísticas nas áreas das Ciências Biológicas e Médicas. Belém: Sociedade Civil Mamirauá, Brasília: CNPq2000Pedrazzi, V., Sato, S., Mattos, M.G.C., Lara, E.H.G., Panzeri, H., Tongue-cleaning methods: A comparative clinical trial employing a toothbrush and a tongue scraper (2004) J Periodontol, 75 (7), pp. 1009-1012Bosy, A., Kulkarni, G.V., Rosenberg, M., McCulloch, C.A., Relationship of oral malodor to periodontitis: Evidence of independence in discrete subpopulations (1994) J Periodontol, 65 (1), pp. 37-46De Boever, E.H., Loesche, W.J., Assessing contribution of anaerobic microflora of the tongue to oral malodor (1995) J Am Dent Assoc, 126 (10), pp. 1384-1393Miyazaki, H., Sakao, S., Katoh, Y., Takehara, T., Correlation between volatile sulfur-containing compounds and certain oral health measurements in the general population (1995) J Periodontol, 66 (8), pp. 679-684Yaegaki, K., Sanada, K., Volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air from clinically healthy subjects and patients with periodontal disease (1992) J Periodontal Res, 27 (4 PART 1), pp. 233-238Morris, P.P., Read, R.R., Halitosis: Variations in mouth and total breath odor intensity resulting from prophylaxis (1949) J Dent Res, 28 (3), pp. 324-33

Velocity-space sensitivity of the time-of-flight neutron spectrometer at JET

The velocity-space sensitivities of fast-ion diagnostics are often described by so-called weight functions. Recently, we formulated weight functions showing the velocity-space sensitivity of the often dominant beam-target part of neutron energy spectra. These weight functions for neutron emission spectrometry (NES) are independent of the particular NES diagnostic. Here we apply these NES weight functions to the time-of-flight spectrometer TOFOR at JET. By taking the instrumental response function of TOFOR into account, we calculate time-of-flight NES weight functions that enable us to directly determine the velocity-space sensitivity of a given part of a measured time-of-flight spectrum from TOFOR

On the mechanisms governing gas penetration into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection

A new 1D radial fluid code, IMAGINE, is used to simulate the penetration of gas into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection (MGI). The main result is that the gas is in general strongly braked as it reaches the plasma, due to mechanisms related to charge exchange and (to a smaller extent) recombination. As a result, only a fraction of the gas penetrates into the plasma. Also, a shock wave is created in the gas which propagates away from the plasma, braking and compressing the incoming gas. Simulation results are quantitatively consistent, at least in terms of orders of magnitude, with experimental data for a D 2 MGI into a JET Ohmic plasma. Simulations of MGI into the background plasma surrounding a runaway electron beam show that if the background electron density is too high, the gas may not penetrate, suggesting a possible explanation for the recent results of Reux et al in JET (2015 Nucl. Fusion 55 093013)

Relationship of edge localized mode burst times with divertor flux loop signal phase in JET

A phase relationship is identified between sequential edge localized modes (ELMs) occurrence times in a set of H-mode tokamak plasmas to the voltage measured in full flux azimuthal loops in the divertor region. We focus on plasmas in the Joint European Torus where a steady H-mode is sustained over several seconds, during which ELMs are observed in the Be II emission at the divertor. The ELMs analysed arise from intrinsic ELMing, in that there is no deliberate intent to control the ELMing process by external means. We use ELM timings derived from the Be II signal to perform direct time domain analysis of the full flux loop VLD2 and VLD3 signals, which provide a high cadence global measurement proportional to the voltage induced by changes in poloidal magnetic flux. Specifically, we examine how the time interval between pairs of successive ELMs is linked to the time-evolving phase of the full flux loop signals. Each ELM produces a clear early pulse in the full flux loop signals, whose peak time is used to condition our analysis. The arrival time of the following ELM, relative to this pulse, is found to fall into one of two categories: (i) prompt ELMs, which are directly paced by the initial response seen in the flux loop signals; and (ii) all other ELMs, which occur after the initial response of the full flux loop signals has decayed in amplitude. The times at which ELMs in category (ii) occur, relative to the first ELM of the pair, are clustered at times when the instantaneous phase of the full flux loop signal is close to its value at the time of the first ELM

Fontes e doses de boro em porta-enxertos de seringueira Sources and rates of boron in rubber rootstocks

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de boro sobre o incremento do diâmetro do caule no ponto de enxertia, 5 cm acima do coleto, número e diâmetro de raízes laterais e estado nutricional de porta-enxertos para produção de toco enxertado de raiz nua. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2x5: duas fontes (ulexita, 10% de B e ácido bórico, 17% de B) e cinco doses de B (0, 2, 4, 8 e 16 kg ha-1) com quatro repetições. Em condições edafoclimáticas locais, curvas de resposta indicam aumentos significativos, no incremento do diâmetro do caule, no ponto de enxertia, nas doses 6,5 e 16 kg ha-1 de B, e no número de raízes laterais, nas doses 13,9 e 16 kg ha-1 de B, com aplicação de ácido bórico e de ulexita, respectivamente. As doses de B não afetaram o número de raízes. O nível crítico de B na folha de mudas de seringueira, alcançado com aplicação de ácido bórico, é de 31,8 mg kg-1. As doses de B apresentam interações significativas com os teores foliares de B, Mn e Zn, enquanto os teores foliares de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na, Cu e Fe não variaram significativamente em razão das doses de B.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of boron supply on the increment of stem diameter, number and diameter of lateral roots and the nutritional status of rubber rootstocks at the budding height (5 cm above the root collar), for the production of base root budded stumps, in a Xanthic Ferralsol. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 2x5 factorial scheme: two sources (ulexite - 10% of B and boric acid - 17% of B) and five B rates (0, 2, 4, 8 and 16 kg ha-1), with four replicates. Under the local conditions, the response curves showed significant increases in increment of stem diameter at 6.5 and 16 kg ha-1 B, and in the number of lateral roots at 13.9 and 16 kg ha-1 B, with boric acid and ulexite, respectively. The B rate did not improve the number of lateral of roots. The critical level of boron in leaf of rubber rootstocks obtained with boric acid is 31.8 mg kg-1. The B rates supply presented significant interactions with the leaf contents of B, Mn and Zn, while leaf contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na, Cu and Fe did not vary in function of B rates

Impact of nitrogen seeding on confinement and power load control of a high-triangularity JET ELMy H-mode plasma with a metal wall

This paper reports the impact on confinement and power load of the high-shape 2.5MA ELMy H-mode scenario at JET of a change from an all carbon plasma facing components to an all metal wall. In preparation to this change, systematic studies of power load reduction and impact on confinement as a result of fuelling in combination with nitrogen seeding were carried out in JET-C and are compared to their counterpart in JET with a metallic wall. An unexpected and significant change is reported on the decrease of the pedestal confinement but is partially recovered with the injection of nitrogen.Comment: 30 pages, 16 figure