Cânone, tradição e responsabilidade do professor: uma abordagem pela perspectiva de Hannah Arendt

O propósito desse artigo é refletir sobre a noção de cânone literário, sobretudo a partir de considerações de Roberto Reis, Idelber Avelar e Harold Bloom pela perspectiva da pensadora alemã Hannah Arendt, considerando suas reflexões a respeito de como a tradição e o mundo público se relacionam com o sentido da educação e a utilização do cânone em sala de aula. Dentro dessa perspectiva, o cânone pode ser uma ferramenta de estudo do passado e da tradição, desde que não se torne algo que planifique a visão de mundo e anule a pluralidade de visões que são a marca essencial do mundo público arendtiano. A tradição como centro do processo educativo não significa sua reprodução acrítica, mas impedir que caia no esquecimento a fim de que os estudantes não se vejam entregues, unicamente, a suas próprias possibilidades e ferramentas. Nesse sentido, a responsabilidade do professor, por sua abordagem do texto, tem um papel central

Horácio Sat. 1.4, a comédia de Terêncio e a filiação do gênero satírico

O presente artigo consiste na análise e interpretação da sátira 1.4 de Horácio tomando-a em perspectiva com as três primeiras do livro. Nossa leitura é que 1.4 sintetiza, num momento programático e de definição da genealogia da, sátira, questões poéticas e temáticas trazidas anteriormente. Nesse processo, Horácio se distancia de Lucílio e de seu modelo de repreensão dos vícios, a comédia antiga, adotando como modelo a comédia nova - fabula palliata - por ser coerente com sua persona construída em 1.4 que tem interesse em expor os vícios universais humanos em personagens tipificados e sem o riso excessivo. Por fim, Horácio adota Terêncio como modelo cômico para sua sátira, por meio da representação de seu pai emulando Dêmea, de Adelphoe. Gracejando na sátira sobre os defeitos do mundo e de si mesmo, Horácio adota um riso menos invectivo e mais anódino que permite ao satirista demonstrar maior consciência sobre os vícios humanos

Espacios y fuerzas sociales en el centro y el este de la península ibérica entre 2200 y 1550 ANE: una aproximación macroespacial

Scrutiny of more than 100 years of archaeological research in the central-eastern part of the Iberian peninsula has made it possible to document 1.445 settlements belonging to the Early Bronze Age (c. 2200-1550 BCE). The present work uses the information on the location, extension, duration and geographic distribution of these settlements to identify the population dynamics in force in an area of 177.444 km2 over approximately seven centuries. This analysis shows that the distribution and location of the settlements were the result of social strategies that involved the “castling” and atomization of communities, surely in a context of more or less latent conflicts and violence. The causes of this socio-political situation ‒ which is exceptional in the context of the Early Bronze Age of Europe and the Mediterranean ‒ are examined in the light of the profound environmental and social changes identified around the 23rd and 16th centuries BCE in many regions of Europe and the Near East, as well as in relation to the expansive and disruptive development of El Argar in the southeast of the Iberian peninsula.El escrutinio de más de 100 años de investigación arqueológica en el cuadrante centro-oriental de la península ibérica ha permitido documentar 1.445 asentamientos pertenecientes a la primera Edad del Bronce (c. 2200-1550 ANE). El presente trabajo utiliza la información sobre el emplazamiento, la extensión, la duración y la distribución geográfica de estos lugares de hábitat para identificar las dinámicas de poblamiento vigentes en un espacio de 177.444 km2 a lo largo de aproximadamente siete siglos. Este análisis pone de manifiesto que la distribución y la localización de los asentamientos fueron el resultado de estrategias sociales que pueden definirse como de “enrocamiento” y “atomización” de las comunidades, seguramente en un contexto de conflictos y violencia más o menos latentes. Las causas de esta situación sociopolítica –que resulta excepcional en el contexto del Bronce Antiguo de Europa y el Mediterráneo– se examinan a la luz de los profundos cambios ambientales y sociales identificados alrededor de los siglos XXIII y XVI ANE en muchas regiones de Europa y Próximo Oriente, así como en relación con el desarrollo expansivo y disruptivo de El Argar en el sudeste de la península ibérica

Fuerzas productivas y relaciones de producción en el centro y el este de la península ibérica entre 2200 y 1550 a. n. e.

Between 2200-1550 cal BCE, a marked dispersion of the population in small settlements and their entrenchment in elevated or fortified locations is apparent in the central-eastern quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula. This settlement pattern, which prevails for more than six centuries, is exceptional in Bronze Age Europe and can hardly be explained without a situation of latent social conflict. The present study scrutinizes the main evidence for production recorded at 1.445 sites documented so far in a territory of 117.444 km2, in order to determine the distribution and organization of the productive forces. The quantitative analysis identifies significant economic differences between lowland, highland, and cave settlements, as well as between fortified and non-fortified settlements. While the conventional cultural groups, such as Las Motillas or the Bronce Valenciano, shared the same means of production, El Argar clearly stands out. This contrast leads us to assess whether the particular economic and social organization of the Argaric periphery can be understood as a response of these entrenched and atomized communities to the expansive development of El Argar and their need to obtain certain strategic resources. In short, a paleo-economic research methodology in archaeology is presented, based on large datasets from both surveys and excavations.Entre ca. 2200-1550 a. n. e. se manifiesta una marcada dispersión de la población del cuadrante centroriental de la península ibérica en asentamientos de pequeño tamaño y su enrocamiento en posiciones elevadas o fortificadas. Esta pauta de asentamiento, que prevalece durante más de seis siglos, resulta excepcional en la Edad del Bronce de Europa y difícilmente se explica sin una situación de conflicto social latente. El presente trabajo realiza un escrutinio de las principales evidencias productivas registradas en los 1.445 yacimientos documentados hasta el momento en un territorio de 117.444 km2 con el fin de determinar la distribución y organización de las fuerzas productivas. El análisis cuantitativo identifica diferencias económicas significativas entre asentamientos de llanura, de altura y en cuevas, así como entre poblados fortificados y no fortificados. Mientras los grupos culturales identificados, como Las Motillas o el Bronce Valenciano, compartieron los mismos medios de producción, El Argar se distingue de una forma nítida. Este contraste lleva a valorar si la particular organización económica y social de la periferia argárica puede entenderse como una respuesta de estas comunidades enrocadas y atomizadas al desarrollo expansivo de El Argar y su necesidad de obtener determinados recursos estratégicos. En definitiva, se presenta una metodología de estudio paleoeconómico en arqueología a partir de grandes series de datos procedentes tanto de prospecciones como de excavaciones

Mouse Panx1 Is Dispensable for Hearing Acquisition and Auditory Function

Panx1 forms plasma membrane channels in brain and several other organs, including the inner ear. Biophysical properties, activation mechanisms and modulators of Panx1 channels have been characterized in detail, however the impact of Panx1 on auditory function is unclear due to conflicts in published results. To address this issue, hearing performance and cochlear function of the Panx1−/− mouse strain, the first with a reported global ablation of Panx1, were scrutinized. Male and female homozygous (Panx1−/−), hemizygous (Panx1+/−) and their wild type (WT) siblings (Panx1+/+) were used for this study. Successful ablation of Panx1 was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western immunoblotting in the cochlea and brain of Panx1−/− mice. Furthermore, a previously validated Panx1-selective antibody revealed strong immunoreactivity in WT but not in Panx1−/− cochleae. Hearing sensitivity, outer hair cell-based “cochlear amplifier” and cochlear nerve function, analyzed by auditory brainstem response (ABR) and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) recordings, were normal in Panx1+/− and Panx1−/− mice. In addition, we determined that global deletion of Panx1 impacts neither on connexin expression, nor on gap-junction coupling in the developing organ of Corti. Finally, spontaneous intercellular Ca2+ signal (ICS) activity in organotypic cochlear cultures, which is key to postnatal development of the organ of Corti and essential for hearing acquisition, was not affected by Panx1 ablation. Therefore, our results provide strong evidence that, in mice, Panx1 is dispensable for hearing acquisition and auditory function

Intramural child burials in Iron Age Navarra: How ancient DNA can contribute to household archaeology

The transition from the Late Bronze to the Iron Age on the Iberian Peninsula saw a shift in mortuary customs from mainly inhumation to cremation of the deceased. The poor preservation characteristic of cremated skeletal remains has hindered molecular analyses (isotope analyses, ancient DNA) of the Iberian Final Bronze and Iron Age communities of Iberia. Incidentally, a limited number of young children, often newborns, were exempt from the predominant cremation ritual, in favour of intramural inhumations inside buildings at certain settlements. The discourse surrounding the mean- ing and interpretation of this particular burial rite has developed over a long time in Iberian archaeology but has always been hampered by the limited anthropological, archaeological, and molecular data from these intramural inhumations. Here, we study the genomes of 37 intramurally buried children found in three Early Iron Age settlements, dated between c. 800–450 BC. Population genetic analyses on the newly reported individuals extend our understanding of ancient Iberia by revealing previously unsampled genetic diversity as well as showing a lesser influence of Mediterranean ancestry than on previously published Iron Age individuals from northern Spain. We also provide insights into the sex and biological relatedness of the children, and in so doing, elucidate differ- ent aspects of the intramural burial ritual and building use in settlements. More broadly, the genetic data from these individuals fill an important gap in the archaeogenetic record of northern Spain and offer a unique opportunity to study the genetic makeup and population changes from the Bronze Age to Antiquity.This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement number 851511). It has also been supported by the research project »Convergence and interaction between complex Bronze Age societies« from the Academia program of the Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) of the Catalan Government and the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation (PID2020-112909GB-100)

Do cladistic and morphometric data capture common patterns of morphological disparity?

The distinctly non-random diversity of organismal form manifests itself in discrete clusters of taxa that share a common body plan. As a result, analyses of disparity require a scalable comparative framework. The difficulties of applying geometric morphometrics to disparity analyses of groups with vastly divergent body plans are overcome partly by the use of cladistic characters. Character-based disparity analyses have become increasingly popular, but it is not clear how they are affected by character coding strategies or revisions of primary homology statements. Indeed, whether cladistic and morphometric data capture similar patterns of morphological variation remains a moot point. To address this issue, we employ both cladistic and geometric morphometric data in an exploratory study of disparity focussing on caecilian amphibians. Our results show no impact on relative intertaxon distances when different coding strategies for cladistic characters were used or when revised concepts of homology were considered. In all instances, we found no statistically significant difference between pairwise Euclidean and Procrustes distances, although the strength of the correlation among distance matrices varied. This suggests that cladistic and geometric morphometric data appear to summarize morphological variation in comparable ways. Our results support the use of cladistic data for characterizing organismal disparity

Connexin Hemichannel Activation by S-Nitrosoglutathione Synergizes Strongly with Photodynamic Therapy Potentiating Anti-Tumor Bystander Killing

In this study, we used B16-F10 cells grown in the dorsal skinfold chamber (DSC) preparation that allowed us to gain optical access to the processes triggered by photodynamic therapy (PDT). Partial irradiation of a photosensitized melanoma triggered cell death in non-irradiated tumor cells. Multiphoton intravital microscopy with genetically encoded fluorescence indicators revealed that bystander cell death was mediated by paracrine signaling due to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release from connexin (Cx) hemichannels (HCs). Intercellular calcium (Ca2+) waves propagated from irradiated to bystander cells promoting intracellular Ca2+ transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to mitochondria and rapid activation of apoptotic pathways. Combination treatment with S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), an endogenous nitric oxide (NO) donor that biases HCs towards the open state, greatly potentiated anti-tumor bystander killing via enhanced Ca2+ signaling, leading to a significant reduction of post-irradiation tumor mass. Our results demonstrate that HCs can be exploited to dramatically increase cytotoxic bystander effects and reveal a previously unappreciated role for HCs in tumor eradication promoted by PDT

TUDO SE TRANSFORMA: UMA ABORDAGEM INVESTIGATIVA PARA O ENSINO DE TRANSFORMAÇÕES QUÍMICAS

Recently, there has been a renewed interest in science teaching by inquiry. In this sense, several studies point to the importance of this teaching in the formation of students with a more critical and scientific look at reality. Thus, this work discusses the importance of teaching by investigation and contextualization in science teaching, and its main objective is to sharpen students' perception of the chemical changes present in everyday life. This work proposes a didactic sequence, applying the investigative method, for the teaching of chemical transformations aimed at students in the 7th grade of elementary school II of a school in the Federal District. For this, a didactic sequence of two classes was used, with moments of exposure of problem situations, discussion of hypotheses, systematization of knowledge and final activity. The teaching sequence was all remotely developed due to the covid19 pandemic. The results obtained indicated that the adopted methodology provided significant learning on the subject, encouraging students to expose arguments, discuss hypotheses and understand the main concepts about the content worked. As a point of improvement, the results show that, due to the great generality of the topic, it was noticed that some students still had difficulty in grasping the concepts in a scientific way, although they were able to distinguish chemical from physical transformations.Recentemente, houve um interesse renovado no ensino de Ciências por investigação. Nesse sentido, diversos estudos apontam a importância desse ensino na formação de alunos com o olhar mais crítico e científico sobre a realidade. Assim, este trabalho discute a importância do ensino por investigação e da contextualização no ensino de ciências, e tem como objetivo principal aguçar a percepção dos alunos sobre as transformações químicas presentes no cotidiano. Este trabalho propõe uma sequência didática, aplicando o método investigativo, para o ensino de transformações químicas voltada para estudantes do 7o ano do ensino fundamental II de uma escola do Distrito Federal. Para isso, utilizou-se uma sequência didática de duas aulas com momentos de exposição de situações problemas, discussão de hipóteses, sistematização do conhecimento e atividade final. A sequência didática foi toda desenvolvida de forma remota devido à pandemia da covid-19. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a metodologia adotada proporcionou a aprendizagem significativa sobre o tema, incentivando que os alunos a expor argumentos, discutir hipóteses e compreender os principais conceitos acerca do conteúdo trabalhado. Como ponto de melhoria, os resultados apontam que, devido à grande generalidade do tema, percebeu-se que alguns alunos ainda apresentaram dificuldade em apreender os conceitos de forma científica, embora conseguissem distinguir as transformações químicas das físicas