Expert panel consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of secondary osteoporosis in children

Background: Osteoporosis incidence in children is increasing due to the increased survival rate of patients suffering from chronic diseases and the increased use of drugs that can damage bones. Recent changes made to the definition of childhood osteoporosis, along with the lack of guidelines or national consensuses regarding its diagnosis and treatment, have resulted in a wide variability in the approaches used to treat this disease. For these reasons, the Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Childhood Osteoporosis Working Group of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Rheumatology has sounded the need for developing guidelines to standardize clinical practice with regard to this pathology. Methods: An expert panel comprised of 6 pediatricians and 5 rheumatologists carried out a qualitative literature review and provided recommendations based on evidence, when that was available, or on their own experience. The level of evidence was determined for each section using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine (CEBM) system. A Delphi survey was conducted for those recommendations with an evidence level of IV or V. This survey was sent to all members of the SERPE. All recommendations that had a level of agreement higher or equal to 70% were included. Results: Fifty-one recommendations, categorized into eight sections, were obtained. Twenty-four of them presented an evidence level 4 or 5, and therefore a Delphi survey was conducted. This was submitted electronically and received a response rate of 40%. All recommendations submitted to the Delphi round obtained a level of agreement of 70% or higher and were therefore accepted. Conclusion: In summary, we present herein guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of secondary childhood osteoporosis based on the available evidence and expert clinical experience. We believe it can serve as a useful tool that will contribute to the standardization of clinical practice for this pathology. Prophylactic measures, early diagnosis and a proper therapeutic approach are essential to improving bone health, not only in children and adolescents, but also in the adults they will become in the future

Nuevos enfoques en el tratamiento del dolor agudo postoperatorio

RESUMEN El control eficaz del dolor postoperatorio se ha convertido en una parte esencial de los cuidados perioperatorios y su adecuado tratamiento, junto a otros factores como la movilización y la nutrición precoz, se relacionan directamente con la disminución de las complicaciones postoperatorias y de la estancia hospitalaria. En la actualidad se presentan diversos retos en el campo del tratamiento del DAP, que precisarán de nuevos enfoques y nuevas alternativas terapéuticas. Los protocolos analgésicos específicos para cada tipo de intervención quirúrgica, adaptados al contexto organizativo y de práctica clínica hospitalaria, son una garantía para individualizar los tratamientos y responder adecuadamente a las demandas analgésicas de cada paciente. Entre las recomendaciones de las recientes Guías del manejo del Dolor Agudo Postoperatorio de la American Pain Society (APS) destacamos: el uso de la analgesia multimodal, la analgesia regional y epidural en procedimientos específicos, las mínimas dosis de opioides y la preferencia de la vía oral frente a la intravenosa, y la modalidad de PCA. Ante la epidemia de consumo de opioides, las recomendaciones actuales se basan en minimizar la dosis de opioide postoperatorio, aplicar pautas multimodales y retirarlos precozmente cuando puedan ser sustituidos por otros analgésicos. En los programas de cirugía fast-track, el inicio precoz de la deambulación, de la fisioterapia o de la rehabilitación son factibles con un nivel moderado de dolor. Pretender eliminar totalmente el dolor en estos programas de fast-track puede asociarse a inmovilidad del paciente o a efectos secundarios de los analgésicos que retrasen la recuperación. Se han desarrollado nuevos dispositivos de administración de opioides no invasivos o "needel-free", con el fin de eliminar las desventajas de la morfina intravenosa. Las ventajas teóricas se basan en una mayor movilidad y satisfacción del paciente, en la autoadministración y en un mejor perfil farmacológico. Son opioides de inicio rápido y acción prolongada, sin metabolitos activos, por lo que teóricamente tienen un perfil farmacológico más eficaz y seguro. Estas nuevas alternativas podrían sustituir a la administración de la PCA de morfina a bolos en la cirugía mayor laparoscópica o en la cirugía de columna vertebral, entre otras. También podrían jugar un papel de analgesia de transición, en la retirada precoz de los catéteres epidurales o paravertebrales en cirugía torácica o en cirugía vascular.ABSTRACT Effective control of postoperative pain, as well as other factors such as early mobilization and nutrition, are directly related to the reduction of postoperative complications and hospital stay, and have become an essential part of perioperative care There are actually several challenges in the field of the treatment of DAP, which require new approaches and therapeutic alternatives. The specific analgesic protocols for each type of surgery, adapted to the organizational context and clinical practice, are a guarantee to individualize the treatments and appropriately respond to the analgesic demands of any patient. Among the recommendations of the recent Guidelines for the Management of Acute Postoperative Pain of the American Pain Society (APS), we highlight: the use of Multimodal Analgesia, Regional and Epidural Analgesia in specific procedures, the minimum possible doses of opioids, the preference of the oral versus intravenous route, and PCA modality. Faced with the epidemic use of opioids, the current recommendations are based on minimizing the dose of postoperative opioids, together with, applying multimodal guidelines and early withdrawing, when they can be replaced by other analgesics. In fast-track surgery programs, the early onset of ambulation, physical therapy and/or rehabilitation are feasible with a moderate level of pain. Attempting to eliminate completely the pain in these fast-track programs can be associated with patients immobility, or analgesic side effects that may delay patients recovery. New devices for administering non-invasive opioids or "needel-free" have been developed in order to eliminate the disadvantages of intravenous morphine. The theoretical advantages are based on greater mobility and patient satisfaction, self-administration and a better pharmacological profile. They are fast onset opioids with a prolonged action and without active metabolites, which offer a theoretically more effective and safe pharmacological profile. These new alternatives could replace the administration of morphine PCA to boluses, in major laparoscopic surgery or in spinal surgery, among others. They may also play a role in the transition analgesia, in situations such as early withdrawal of epidural or paravertebral catheters in thoracic or vascular surgery

Manifiesto a favor de la enseñanza de la Geología

Manifest en defensa d'incloure la Geologia com a assignatura pròpia de la modalitat en el Batxillerat de Cièncie

Multinational case-control study of risk factors for the development of late invasive pulmonary aspergillosis following kidney transplantation

OBJECTIVES: To assess the risk factors for development of late-onset invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) after kidney transplantation (KT). METHODS: We performed a multinational case-control study that retrospectively recruited 112 KT recipients diagnosed with IPA between 2000 and 2013. Controls were matched (1:1 ratio) by centre and date of transplantation. Immunosuppression-related events (IREs) included the occurrence of non-ventilator-associated pneumonia, tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus disease, and/or de novo malignancy. RESULTS: We identified 61 cases of late (>180 days after transplantation) IPA from 24 participating centres (accounting for 54.5% (61/112) of all cases included in the overall study). Most diagnoses (54.1% (33/61)) were established within the first 36 post-transplant months, although five cases occurred more than 10 years after transplantation. Overall mortality among cases was 47.5% (29/61). Compared with controls, cases were significantly older (p 0.010) and more likely to have pre-transplant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p 0.001) and a diagnosis of bloodstream infection (p 0.016) and IRE (p <0.001) within the 6 months prior to the onset of late IPA. After multivariate adjustment, previous occurrence of IRE (OR 19.26; 95% CI 2.07-179.46; p 0.009) was identified as an independent risk factor for late IPA. CONCLUSION: More than half of IPA cases after KT occur beyond the sixth month, with some of them presenting very late. Late IPA entails a poor prognosis. We identified some risk factors that could help the clinician to delimit the subgroup of KT recipients at the highest risk for late IPA

Multinational case-control study of risk factors for the development of late invasive pulmonary aspergillosis following kidney transplantation

OBJECTIVES: To assess the risk factors for development of late-onset invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) after kidney transplantation (KT). METHODS: We performed a multinational case-control study that retrospectively recruited 112 KT recipients diagnosed with IPA between 2000 and 2013. Controls were matched (1:1 ratio) by centre and date of transplantation. Immunosuppression-related events (IREs) included the occurrence of non-ventilator-associated pneumonia, tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus disease, and/or de novo malignancy. RESULTS: We identified 61 cases of late (>180 days after transplantation) IPA from 24 participating centres (accounting for 54.5% (61/112) of all cases included in the overall study). Most diagnoses (54.1% (33/61)) were established within the first 36 post-transplant months, although five cases occurred more than 10 years after transplantation. Overall mortality among cases was 47.5% (29/61). Compared with controls, cases were significantly older (p 0.010) and more likely to have pre-transplant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p 0.001) and a diagnosis of bloodstream infection (p 0.016) and IRE (p <0.001) within the 6 months prior to the onset of late IPA. After multivariate adjustment, previous occurrence of IRE (OR 19.26; 95% CI 2.07-179.46; p 0.009) was identified as an independent risk factor for late IPA. CONCLUSION: More than half of IPA cases after KT occur beyond the sixth month, with some of them presenting very late. Late IPA entails a poor prognosis. We identified some risk factors that could help the clinician to delimit the subgroup of KT recipients at the highest risk for late IPA