Uso de água residuária de suinocultura em sistema agroflorestal

The need for a proper disposal of pig manure, or invest in forms of treatment, storage, transport and disposal so that the compound does not contaminate the environment. In comparative terms, the pollution potential of pig manure is far superior to other types of organic waste, moreover it shows a quantitative and qualitative change in time and space, which depends on several aspects such as pigs mature, method of cleaning the premises, type of feed used for food. Thus, there is no need to seek a more sustainable model for use in agricultural activities to reduce expenses and increase productivity, being a viable alternative for small and large producers. The implementation of silvopastoral systems, a sustainable model, is already showing improvements to the ground, resulting in the medium and long term, the cycling of nutrients, caused by the absorption of these elements by the roots of trees, deeper layers of the soil and subsequent deposition in the topsoil of these nutrients, the decomposition of leaves, roots etc. Silvipastoral systems have also the capacity to use water from deeper soil layers, which would normally be lost in traditional pasture systems. The optimal dose for using pig manure on crops depends on several factors such as concentrate of minerals in the manure, climatic and soil aspects and requirements of the crops, however many authors overlook some important variables such as soil factor, requiring a study that shows the behavior of organic waste in different soil types, observing the chemical and biological physical characterizations. There is also a great need of information related to wastewater doses of swine (ARS) applied in a long period, and the time needed to enhance soil fertility without causing contamination of soil and groundwater.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoFundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Mato GrossoDissertação (Mestrado)Na necessidade de dar uma destinação adequada aos dejetos suínos, ou seja, investir em formas de tratamento, armazenamento, transporte e disposição para que os compostos não contaminem o meio ambiente. Em termos comparativos, o potencial poluidor dos dejetos de suínos é muito superior a de outras espécies de resíduos orgânicos. Ainda em relação a estes dejetos, ocorre uma variação quantitativa e qualitativa no tempo e no espaço, na qual depende de vários aspectos como fase de maturidade dos suínos, método de higienização das instalações, tipo de ração utilizada na alimentação, etc. Torna-se necessário a busca de um modelo mais sustentável para uso dos dejetos nas atividades agropecuárias que reduzam os gastos e aumente a produtividade, como alternativa viável, tanto sobre os parâmetros ecológicos, quanto econômicos, sociais e sustentáveis, para pequenos e grandes produtores. A implantação de sistemas agroflorestais e/ou silvipastoris, é um modelo sustentável, pois promove a melhoria no solo, em médio à longo prazo, promove ciclagem de nutrientes, advinda da maior absorção de nutrientes pelas raízes das árvores, de camadas mais profundas do solo e a posterior deposição na superfície do solo, pela decomposição de folhas, raízes etc. Sistemas silvipastoris possuem, também, a capacidade de utilizar a água das camadas mais profundas do solo, a qual seria normalmente perdida em sistemas tradicionais de usos agrícolas. O volume ideal para utilização de dejetos suínos em culturas depende de diversos fatores como concentração de minerais no dejeto, variações climáticas e do solo e exigência das culturas, porém muitos autores desconsideram algumas variáveis importantes como o fator solo, sendo necessário um estudo que mostre o comportamento dos rejeitos orgânicos em diferentes classes de solos, observando as variações nas caracterizações físicas, químicas e biológicas. Existe também uma grande necessidade de informações em relação a utilização das doses de água residuária de suinocultura (ARS) aplicadas em longo prazo, e o tempo necessário para melhoria da fertilidade do solo sem causar a contaminação do lençol freático e solo

POTENCIALIDADE DA APLICAÇÃO DE DEJETOS LÍQUIDOS DE SUÍNOS EM PASTAGEM DE BRACHIARIA DECUMBENS

Objetivou-se avaliar a potencialidade de utilização de dejetos de suínos na recuperação de uma pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens e a melhoria das características bromatológicas e alterações nas características químicas do solo. Foram avaliadas a produtividade de MS, os teores de PB, FDN, FDA, lignina, a absorção de macro e micronutrientes na Brachiaria decumbens e os teores de MO, pH, P, K, Ca, Mg no solo. O experimento foi em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas no fator profundidade do solo, em que foram aplicados os seguintes tratamentos: controle sem adubação mineral, controle com adubação mineral, 60, 120 e 180 m3 de dejetos líquidos de suínos e um tratamento organomineral (120 m3 de dejetos de suínos + adubo mineral). Aos 35 dias após aplicação observou-se a equivalência com os tratamentos que receberam adubação orgânica e mineral com relação a PB e manutenção dos teores de FDN, FDA e lignina. Porém a aplicação promoveu incrementos nos teores de N, K, Ca, Mg, Zn e reduziu os de Mn e Fe. No solo observou-se incremento de P, K, Ca e Mg até os 60 cm de profundidade, indicando a necessidade de monitoramento constante para que não haja contaminação de águas subterrâneas. Os dejetos líquidos de suínos podem ser utilizados para fornecer macronutrientes e micronutrientes para as forrageiras desde que com aplicação controlada

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Author correction: One sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is dependent on river floodplains

In the version of the article initially published, the affiliation of Edgardo Manuel Latrubesse was incorrect and has now been amended to Environmental Sciences Graduate Program-CIAMB, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil in the HTML and PDF versions of the article

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega‐phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white‐sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long‐standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution