Basketball small-sided games: effects of varying formats and using successive bouts

This study compared athletes’ rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and the number of their technical-tactical actions in small-sided basketball games (SSG) played within the same relative area with adjusted bout durations in (a) varied game formats; and (b) in two successive bouts of different formats. Ten young female basketball players (14.3±1.3 years) played two bouts of five small-sided game (SSG) formats (1x1, 2x2, 3x3, 4x4, and 5x5). The number of technical-tactical actions per player per minute decreased from the smaller to the larger SSG format, and players’ RPE tended to be higher in larger compared to smaller formats. We concluded that the smaller basketball SSG formats increased players’ participation. In addition, adjustments of the relative playing area and bout duration seemed to decrease players’ effort. The use of two SSG bouts did impact the number of technical-tactical actions and RPE

Neutron-Unbound Excited States of 23N

Neutron unbound states in 23N were populated via proton knockout from an 83.4 MeV/nucleon 24O beam on a liquid deuterium target. The two-body decay energy displays two peaks at E1∼100keV and E2∼1MeV with respect to the neutron separation energy. The data are consistent with shell model calculations predicting resonances at excitation energies of ∼3.6MeV and ∼4.5MeV. The selectivity of the reaction implies that these states correspond to the first and second 3/2− states. The energy of the first state is about 1.3 MeV lower than the first excited 2+ in 24O. This decrease is largely due to coupling with the πp−13/2 hole along with a small reduction of the N=16 shell gap in 23N

Soil Co 2 Emission Of Sugarcane Fields As Affected By Topography

The spatial and temporal variation of soil CO 2 emission is influenced by several soil attributes related to CO 2 production and its diffusion in the soil. However, few studies aiming to understand the effect of topography on the variability of CO 2 emissions exist, especially for cropping areas of tropical regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial and temporal changes of soil CO 2 emission and its relation to soil attributes in an area currently cropped with sugarcane under different relief forms and slope positions. Mean CO 2 emissions in the studied period (seven months) varied between 0.23 and 0.71, 0.27 and 0.90, and 0.31 and 0.80 g m -2 h -1 of CO 2 for concave (Cone), backslope (BackS) and footslope (FootS) positions, respectively. The temporal variability of CO 2 emissions in each area was explained by an exponential relation between the CO 2 emission and soil temperature and a linear relation between CO 2 emission and soil water content. The Q 10 values were 1.98 (± 0.34), 1.81 (± 0.49) and 1.71 (± 0.31) for Conc, BackS and FootS, respectively. Bulk density, macroporosity, penetration resistance, aggregation and oxidizable organic carbon content explain the changes in soil CO 2 emission observed, especially when the Cone position was compared to BackS. The effect of relief form and topographic position on soil CO 2 emission variation was dependent on the time of measurement.6617783ALVENÄS, G., JANSSON, P.E., Model for evaporation, moisture and temperature of bare soil: Calibration and sensitivity analysis (1997) Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 88, pp. 47-56BERNOUX, M., CARVALHO, M.C.S., VOLKOFF, B., CERRI, C.C., CO 2 emission from mineral soils following land-cover change in Brazil (2001) Global Change Biology, 7, pp. 779-787BERNOUX, M., CARVALHO, M.C.S., VOLKOFF, B., CERRI, C.C., Brazil's soil carbon stocks (2002) Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66, pp. 888-896CAMPOS, D.C., (2003) Potencialidade do sistema de colheita sem queima da cana-de-açúcar para o seqüestro de carbono, , Piracicaba: USP/ESALQ, 103p, Doutorado(2007) Acompanhamento da safra brasileira de cana-de-açúcar, , http://www.conab.gov.br/conabweb/download/safra/3-levantamento0708-nov2007.pdf, COMPANHIA NACIONAL DE ABASTECIMENTO, CONAB, safra, terceiro levantamento, novembro/. Available at:, Accessed 21 Jan. 2008. 2008DANIELS, R.B., HAMMER, R.D., Soil geomorphology (1992) New York: Jonh Wiley, , 236pDAVIDSON, E.A., JANSSENS, I.A., Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change (2006) Nature, 440, pp. 165-173DeJONG, E., Soil aeration as affected by slope position and vegetative cover (1981) Soil Science, 131, pp. 34-43Manual de métodos de análise de solo (1997) Rio de Janeiro: Embrapa/CNPS, , EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUÁRIA, 2 ed, 212pManual de métodos de análise do solo (1979) Rio de Janeiro: Embrapa-SNLCS, , EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUÁRIA, 247pEPRON, D., BOSC, A., BONAL, D., FREYCON, V., Spatial variation of soil respiration across a topographic gradient in a tropical rain forest in French Guiana (2006) Journal of Tropical Ecology, 22, pp. 565-574FANG, C., MONCRIEFF, J.B., GHOLZ, H.X., CLARK, K.L., Soil CO 2 efflux and its spatial variation in a Florida slash pine plantation (1998) Plant Soil, 205, pp. 135-146FANG, C., MONCRIEFF, J.B., The dependence of soil CO 2 efflux on temperature (2001) Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 33, pp. 155-165FANG, C., MONCRIEFF, J.B., A model for soil CO 2 production and transport. 1. Model development (1999) Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 95, pp. 225-236GARDNER, W.H., Water content (1986) Agronomy Monograph, 9, pp. 493-541. , KLUTE, A, Ed, Methods of soil analysis. 2 ed. Madison: ASAHANSON, P.J., WULLSCHLEGER, S.D., BOHMAN, S.A., TODD, D.E., Seasonal and topographic patterns of forest floor CO 2 efflux from an upland oak forest (1993) Tree Physiology, 13, pp. 1-15HEALY, R.W., STRIEGL, R.G., RUSSELL, T.F., HUTCHINSON, G.L., LIVINGSTON, G.P., Numerical evaluation of static-chamber measurements of soil-atmosphere gas exchange: Identification of physical processes (1996) Soil Science Society of America Journal, 60, pp. 740-747JIA, S.AKIYAMA, T.MO, WINATOMI, M.KOIZUMI, H. Temporal and spatial variability of soil respiration in a cool temperate broad-leaved forest. 1. Measurement of spatial variance and factor analysis. Japanese Journal of Ecology, v.53, p.13-22, 2003KANG, S., LEE, D., LEE, J., RUNNING, S.W., Topographic and climatic controls on soil environments and net primary in a rugged temperate hardwood forest in Korea (2006) Ecological Research, 21, pp. 64-74KANG, S., DOH, S., LEE, D., LEE, D., JIN, V.L., KIMBALL, J., Topographic and climatic controls on soil respiration in six temperate mixed-hardwood forest slopes, Korea (2003) Global Change Biology, 9, pp. 1427-1437KANG, S., KIM, S., DOH, S., LEE, D., Predicting spatial and temporal patterns of soil temperature based on topography, surface cover and air temperature (2000) Forest Ecology and Management, 136, pp. 173-184KEMPER, W.D.ROSENAU, R.C. Aggregate stability and size distribution. In: KLUTE, A. (Ed.) Methods of soil analysis. 2 ed. Madison: ASA, 1986. p.425-441. (Agronomy Monography, 9)KOSUGI, Y., MITANI, T., ITOH, M., NOGUCHI, S., TANI, M., MATSUO, N., TAKANASHI, S., NIK, A.R., Spatial and temporal variation in soil respiration in a Southeast Asian tropical rainforest (2007) Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 147, pp. 35-47LA SCALA JÚNIOR, N.MARQUES JÚNIOR, J.PEREIRA, G.T.CORÁ, J.E. Carbon dioxide emission related to chemical properties of a tropical bare soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v.32, p.1469-1473, 2000LI, H., YAN, J., YUE, X., WANG, M., Significance of soil temperature and moisture for soil respiration in a Chinese mountain area (2008) Agriculture and Forest Meteorology, 148, pp. 490-503LLOYD, J., TAYLOR, J.A., On the temperature-dependence of soil respiration (1994) Functional Ecology, 8, pp. 315-323OADES, J.M., Soil organic matter and structural stability: Mechanisms and implications for management (1984) Plant and Soil, 76, pp. 319-337PARKIN, T.B., KASPAR, T.C., SENWO, Z., PRUEGER, J.H., HATFIELD, J.L., Relationship of soil respiration to crop and landscape in the walnut creek watershed (2005) Journal of Hydrometeorology, 6, pp. 812-824PENG, Y., THOMAS, S.C., Soil CO 2 efflux in uneven-aged managed forests: Temporal patterns following harvest and effects of edaphic Heterogeneity (2006) Plant and Soil, 289, pp. 253-264RAIJ, B., van, QUAGGIO, J.A., CANTARELLA, H., FERREIRA, M.E., LOPES, A.S., BATAGLIA, C.O., (1987) Análise química do solo para fins de fertilidade, , Campinas: Fundação Cargill, 170pRAICH, J.W., SCHLESINGER, W.H., The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to climate (1992) Tellus, 44 B, pp. 81-99RETH, S., MARKUS, R., FALGE, E., The effect of soil water content, soil temperature, soil pH-value and the root mass on soil CO 2 efflux: A modified model (2005) Plant and Soil, 268, pp. 21-33RISCH, A.C., FRANK, D.A., Carbon dioxide fluxes in a spatially and temporally heterogeneous temperate grassland (2006) Oecologia, 147, pp. 291-302(1998) SAS/STAT: User's guide, , SAS INSTITUTE, Cary: SAS InstituteSCHWERTMANN, U., TAYLOR, R.M., Iron oxides (1989) Minerals in soil environments, pp. 379-438. , DIXON, J. B, WEED, S. B, Ed, Madison: SSSASILVA, A.C.TORRADO, P.V.MARTIN-NETO, L.VASQUEZ, F.M.PÉREZ, M.G. Soil organic matter and geomorphic surface stability relationship in an oxisol toposequence (SE-Brazil). In: INTERNATIONAL MEETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL HUMIC SUBSTANCES SOCIETY, 12., São Pedro, 2004. Proceedings. São Carlos: Embrapa Instrumentação Agropecuária, 2004. v.1, p.623-626SOTTA, E.D., VELDKAMP, E., GUIMARÃES, B.R., PAIXÃO, R.K., RUIVO, M.L.P., ALMEIDA, S.S., Landscape and climatic controls on spatial and temporal variation in soil CO 2 efflux in an Eastern Amazonian Rainforest, Caxiuanã, Brazil (2006) Forest Ecology and Management, 237, pp. 57-64SOUZA, C.K., MARQUES JÚNIOR, J., MARTINS FILHO, M.V., PEREIRA, G.T., Influência do relevo e erosão na variabilidade espacial de um latossolo em Jaboticabal (SP). (2003) Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 27, pp. 1067-1074SOUZA, Z.M., MARQUES JÚNIOR, J., PEREIRA, G.T., MOREIRA, L.F., Influência da pedoforma na variabilidade espacial de alguns atributos físicos e hídricos de um Latossolo sob cultivo de cana-de-açúcar. (2004) Irriga, 9, pp. 1-11SOUZA, Z.M., MARQUES JÚNIOR, J., PEREIRA, G.T., BARBIERI, D.M., Small relief shape variations influence spatial varaibility of soil chemival attributes (2006) Scientia agricola, 63, pp. 161-168SOUZA, Z.M., MARQUES JÚNIOR, J., PEREIRA, G.T., Variabilidade espacial da estabilidade de agregados e matéria orgânica em solos de relevos diferentes. (2004) Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 39, pp. 491-499SOUZA, Z.M., MARQUES JÚNIOR, J., PEREIRA, G.T., BENTO, M.J.C., Variabilidade espacial de atributos físicos de um Latossolo Vermelho sob cultivo de cana-de-açúcar. 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Sward structure of marandu palisadegrass subjected to continuous stocking and nitrogen-induced rhythms of growth

Acceleration of the growth rhythm of plants using nitrogen fertiliser alters the rates of physiological processes like growth and senescence and may cause significant changes in sward structure, interfering with plant and animal responses. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate sward structure of marandu palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha) maintained at 30 cm under continuous stocking and subjected to contrasting rhythms of growth from January 2007 to April 2008. These were generated using or not nitrogen fertiliser, and comprised four experimental treatments as follows: control (non-fertilised), 150, 300 and 450 kg ha-1 of N. Acceleration of the growth rhythm of plants was associated with increases in leaf and stem bulk density, and resulted in larger LAI and total bulk density on swards subjected to faster (fertilised with 300 and 450 kg ha-1 of N) than those subjected to slower rhythms of growth (non-fertilised or fertilised with 150 kg ha-1 of N). Variations in dead material bulk density were associated with seasonal variations in climatic conditions, and were not influenced by growth rhythms. During autumn/winter and early spring (dry period of the year) swards subjected to faster, relative to those subjected to slower rhythms of growth, had larger proportion of leaves on the top horizons. On the other hand, sward structure did not vary among rhythms of growth at times of the year when there was no limitation in the availability of climatic growth factors (late spring and summer), indicating that when control of the grazing process is efficient, changes in sward structure are basically a function of seasonal variations in climatic growth conditions and phenological state of plants.A aceleração do ritmo de crescimento das plantas por meio da adubação nitrogenada altera a velocidade dos processos fisiológicos, atuando sobre o crescimento e a senescência, podendo refletir-se em alterações importantes sobre a estrutura do dossel. Avaliou-se a estrutura do dossel forrageiro de pastos de capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha) mantidos a 30 cm de altura por meio de lotação contínua e submetidos a ritmos de crescimento contrastantes de janeiro de 2007 a abril de 2008. Os distintos ritmos de crescimento foram criados por meio da utilização de adubação nitrogenada, segundo os tratamentos: sem adubação (controle), 150, 300 e 450 kg ha-1 de N. A aceleração do ritmo de crescimento dos pastos resultou em aumentos de densidade volumétrica de folhas e de colmos, refletindo em maior IAF e densidade volumétrica total em pastos submetidos aos ritmos de crescimento mais acelerados (adubados com 300 e 450 kg ha-1 de N) relativamente àqueles submetidos a ritmos de crescimento mais lentos (pastos não adubados e/ou adubados com 150 kg ha-1 de N). Variações em densidade volumétrica do material morto estiveram associadas a flutuações estacionais das condições climáticas, e não foram influenciadas pelos ritmos de crescimento avaliados. Na época da seca (outono/inverno e início de primavera), os pastos submetidos aos ritmos de crescimento mais acelerados apresentaram maior proporção de folhas no horizonte superior do dossel. Por outro lado, a estrutura do dossel não variou entre os ritmos de crescimento nas épocas de maior disponibilidade de fatores de crescimento (final de primavera e verão), indicando que quando o controle do processo de pastejo é feito de maneira eficiente, mudanças em estrutura são função basicamente de variações estacionais em condições climáticas e estádio fenológico das plantas

A Bacterial Glucanotransferase Can Replace the Complex Maltose Metabolism Required for Starch to Sucrose Conversion in Leaves at Night

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Reproductive phenology of Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd (Fabaceae) in two forest areas in the Central Amazon

Long term phenological studies in tropical forests are scarce. A phenological study of Dipteryx odorata was carried out from 1974 to 2000 in two areas of Amazon Forest: Reserva Florestal Ducke (RFD) and Estação Experimental de Silvicultura Tropical (EEST). The objective was to compare the phenological patterns between the two areas, to verify the regularity of flowering and fruiting over a period of 27 years, and to verify the influence of climatic factors in these events. Five trees were marked in the RFD and five in the EEST; and were observed monthly for the presence of flowers, unripe and ripe fruits. The flowering and unripe fruiting presented an irregular pattern in both areas, and also varied with regard to duration and period of occurrence between years and seasons. Nevertheless, they presented similar frequency of occurrence during the 27 years of observation. On the other hand, the production of ripe fruits presented a different pattern, with three year intervals without ripe fruits in the RFD, and seven year intervals in the EEST. We concluded that the frequency of flowering and unripe fruiting was annual, and the frequency of occurrence of ripe fruiting was supra-annual, with an irregular pattern, and a duration from intermediate to extended. We also observed the occurrence of one to three year intervals between flowering and unripe fruiting episodes, and one to seven year intervals between episodes with ripe fruiting. The influence of climatic factors in the patterns observed was not clear. We suggest the rational use of natural products extracted from Dipteryx odorata, the "cumaru", especially the fruits, and the development of more long term studies, fundamental for understanding the reproductive phenological patterns as well as the resource offering patterns in tropical forests.Estudos fenológicos de longa duração em florestas tropicais são raros. Foi realizado o acompanhamento fenológico de Dipteryx odorata, no período de 1974 à 2000, em duas áreas de floresta amazônicaa Reserva Florestal Ducke (RFD) e Estação Experimental de Silvicultura Tropical (EEST). O objetivo foi observar os padrões fenológicos nas duas áreas, verificar a regularidade da floração e frutificação num período de 27 anos e a influência dos fatores climáticos nestes eventos. Foram marcados cinco indivíduos na RFD e cinco na EEST e observados quanto à produção de flores, frutos imaturos e maduros. A floração e a produção de frutos imaturos apresentaram padrão irregular nas duas áreas observadas, variando quanto a época de ocorrência e a duração entre anos e estações, mas apresentaram freqüência de ocorrência similar nos 27 anos observados. Para a fenofase frutos maduros este padrão foi diferente, com intervalos de até três anos sem ocorrência de frutos maduros, na RFD e de sete anos na EEST. Conclui-se que a freqüência de ocorrência das fenofases de floração e frutos imaturos foi anual e a de frutos maduros supra-anual, todas com padrão irregular e duração de intermediária a prolongada. Ocorreu variação de um a três anos entre episódios de floração e frutos imaturos e de um a sete anos entre episódios de frutos maduros, não ficando evidente, nesta análise, a influência dos fatores climáticos nos padrões observados. Sugere-se o uso racional dos produtos derivados de Dipteryx odorata, o cumaru, especialmente quanto à exploração de seus frutos e o desenvolvimento de mais estudos de longa duração, fundamentais para entender os padrões fenológicos reprodutivos e de oferta de recursos em florestas tropicais