Study of fission using multi-nucleon transfer reactions

Multi-nucleon transfer channels of the reactions of 18O+232Th, 18O+238U, 18O+248Cm were used to measure fission-fragment mass distribution for various nuclides and their excitation energy dependence. Predominantly asymmetric fission is observed at low excitation energies for all the studied cases, with an increase of the symmetric fission towards high excitation energies. Experimental data are compared with predictions of the fluctuation-dissipation model, where effects of multi-chance fission (neutron evaporation prior to fission) was introduced. It was shown that a reliable understanding of the observed fission fragment mass distributions can be obtained only invoking multi-chance fissions

New experimental approaches to investigate the fission dynamics

Abstract. The first ever achieved full identification of both fission fragments, in atomic and mass number, made it possible to define new observables sensitive to the fission dynamics along the fission path up to the scission point. Moreover, proton-induced fission of 208 Pb at high energies offers optimal conditions for the investigation of dissipative, and transient effects, because of the high-excitation energy of the fissioning nuclei, its low angular momentum, and limited shape distortion by the reaction. In this work we show that the charge distribution of the final fission fragments can constrain the ground-to-saddle dynamics while the mass distribution is sensitive to the dynamics until the scission point

Nuclear Fission: : A Review of Experimental Advances and Phenomenology

In the last two decades, through technological, experimental and theoretical advances, the situation in experimental fission studies has changed dramatically. With the use of advanced production and detection techniques both much more detailed and precise information can now be obtained for the traditional regions of fission research and, crucially, new regions of nuclei have become routinely accessible for fission studies.
 This work first of all reviews the recent developments in experimental fission techniques, in particular the resurgence of transfer-induced fission reactions with light and heavy ions, the emerging use of inverse-kinematic approaches, both at Coulomb and relativistic energies, and of fission studies with radioactive beams.
 The emphasis on the fission-fragment mass and charge distributions will be made in this work, though some of the other fission observables, such as prompt neutron and γ-ray emission will also be reviewed.
 A particular attention will be given to the low-energy fission in the so far scarcely explored nuclei in the very neutron-deficient lead region. They recently became the focus for several complementary experimental studies, such as β-delayed fission with radioactive beams at ISOLDE(CERN), Coulex-induced fission of relativistic secondary beams at FRS(GSI), and several prompt fusion-fission studies. The synergy of these approaches allows a unique insight in the new region of asymmetric fission around <sup>180</sup>Hg, recently discovered at ISOLDE. Recent extensive theoretical efforts in this region will also be outlined.
 The unprecedented high-quality data for fission fragments, completely identified in <i>Z</i> and <i>A</i>, by means of reactions in inverse kinematics at FRS(GSI) and VAMOS(GANIL) will be also reviewed. These experiments explored an extended range of mercury-to-californium elements, spanning from the neutron-deficient to neutron-rich nuclides, and covering both asymmetric, symmetric and transitional fission regions.
 Some aspects of heavy-ion induced fusion-fission and quasifission reactions will be also discussed, which reveal their dynamical features, such as the fission time scale. The crucial role of the multi-chance fission, probed by means of multinucleon-transfer induced fission reactions, will be highlighted.
 The review will conclude with the discussion of the new experimental fission facilities which are presently being brought into operation, along with promising 'next-generation' fission approaches, which might become available within the next decade

Contribution à la mise en place, à la réalisation, et à l'analyse des données de rendements de fission issues de l'expérience SOFIA au GSI

The isotopic fission yields of U 238 following the SOFIA experiment, conducted at the GSI facility (Darmstadt), are presented here. This experiment takes advantage of the inverse kinematics technique at relativistic energies. Benefits are several : fission fragments are highly focused (high geometrical efficiency) and are also completely stripped, which greatly simplifies their nuclear charge measurement. The first detector of the SOFIA setup is an active target in which fission occurs via electromagnetic excitation, followed by an ionization chamber to measure the nuclear charge and the horizontal angle of both fission fragments. The masses are deduced by the bending radius measurement of the fragments, deflected by a strong magnet (ALADIN), thanks to two position detectors (MWPC), and also by a highly resolved time-of-flight measurement (40 ps FWHM) so that heavy neighboring isotopes can be separated. The data analysis shows that the main goals are achieved since the isotopic separation is reached over the whole range of the fission fragments. A strong even-odd effect is seen in the charge spectrum, which also exhibits a mean heavy charge close to Z = 54. Surprisingly, the neutron even-odd effect of the light region is seen to be very close to the one in thermal neutron induced fission. The peak-to-valley ratio of the mass spectrum confirms that the mean excitation energy at fission is close to the expected one (14 MeV). The GEF code is used for comparison and always gives results very close to ours.Ce document présente la mesure de rendements isotopiques issus de la fission de l'U238 obtenus suite à l'expérience SOFIA réalisée au GSI à Darmstadt (août 2012). Cette expérience novatrice utilise la technique de la cinématique inverse relativiste, qui présente plusieurs avantages : les fragments de fissions sont focalisés vers l'avant dans un cône de faible ouverture angulaire (grande efficacité géométrique), et possèdent un état de charge nul ce qui facilite considérablement la mesure des rendements élémentaires. Le dispositif SOFIA se compose tout d'abord d'une cible active, dans laquelle a lieu la fission par excitation coulombienne et d'une chambre d'ionisation qui permet à la fois la mesure de la charge nucléaire et de l'angle horizontal des deux fragments en coïncidence. La mesure des masses est faite en déterminant le rayon de courbure des fragments, déviés par un puissant aimant (ALADIN), grâce à deux détecteurs de positions (MWPC), et par une mesure de temps de vol, qui nécessite une résolution extrême d'environ 40 ps FWHM pour que la séparation des isotopes lourds voisins soit acceptable. L'analyse des données montre que les objectifs initiaux ont étés remplis, puisque la séparation isotopique est atteinte sur toute la gamme des fragments de fission. Un effet pair-impair significatif est observé dans les rendements en charge, dont le spectre présente, comme attendu, une valeur moyenne pour la charge lourde très proche de Z = 54. L'effet pair-impair neutron présente, étonnamment, une amplitude et une forme très similaire à celle mesurée sur des fissions en neutrons thermiques. Le rapport pic/vallée des distributions en masses indiquent que l'énergie d'excitation est proche des 14 MeV attendus. Enfin, nos mesures sont très souvent comparées au code GEF qui donne des résultats toujours très proches des nôtres

Contribution to the design, fulfillment, and data analysis of fission fragment yields of the SOFIA experiment at GSI

Ce document présente la mesure de rendements isotopiques issus de la fission de l'U238 obtenus suite à l'expérience SOFIA réalisée au GSI à Darmstadt (août 2012). Cette expérience novatrice utilise la technique de la cinématique inverse relativiste, qui présente plusieurs avantages : les fragments de fissions sont focalisés vers l'avant dans un cône de faible ouverture angulaire (grande efficacité géométrique), et possèdent un état de charge nul ce qui facilite considérablement la mesure des rendements élémentaires. Le dispositif SOFIA se compose tout d'abord d'une cible active, dans laquelle a lieu la fission par excitation coulombienne et d'une chambre d'ionisation qui permet à la fois la mesure de la charge nucléaire et de l'angle horizontal des deux fragments en coïncidence. La mesure des masses est faite en déterminant le rayon de courbure des fragments, déviés par un puissant aimant (ALADIN), grâce à deux détecteurs de positions (MWPC), et par une mesure de temps de vol, qui nécessite une résolution extrême d'environ 40 ps FWHM pour que la séparation des isotopes lourds voisins soit acceptable. L'analyse des données montre que les objectifs initiaux ont étés remplis, puisque la séparation isotopique est atteinte sur toute la gamme des fragments de fission. Un effet pair-impair significatif est observé dans les rendements en charge, dont le spectre présente, comme attendu, une valeur moyenne pour la charge lourde très proche de Z = 54. L'effet pair-impair neutron présente, étonnamment, une amplitude et une forme très similaire à celle mesurée sur des fissions en neutrons thermiques. Le rapport pic/vallée des distributions en masses indiquent que l'énergie d'excitation est proche des 14 MeV attendus. Enfin, nos mesures sont très souvent comparées au code GEF qui donne des résultats toujours très proches des nôtres.The isotopic fission yields of U 238 following the SOFIA experiment, conducted at the GSI facility (Darmstadt), are presented here. This experiment takes advantage of the inverse kinematics technique at relativistic energies. Benefits are several : fission fragments are highly focused (high geometrical efficiency) and are also completely stripped, which greatly simplifies their nuclear charge measurement. The first detector of the SOFIA setup is an active target in which fission occurs via electromagnetic excitation, followed by an ionization chamber to measure the nuclear charge and the horizontal angle of both fission fragments. The masses are deduced by the bending radius measurement of the fragments, deflected by a strong magnet (ALADIN), thanks to two position detectors (MWPC), and also by a highly resolved time-of-flight measurement (40 ps FWHM) so that heavy neighboring isotopes can be separated. The data analysis shows that the main goals are achieved since the isotopic separation is reached over the whole range of the fission fragments. A strong even-odd effect is seen in the charge spectrum, which also exhibits a mean heavy charge close to Z = 54. Surprisingly, the neutron even-odd effect of the light region is seen to be very close to the one in thermal neutron induced fission. The peak-to-valley ratio of the mass spectrum confirms that the mean excitation energy at fission is close to the expected one (14 MeV). The GEF code is used for comparison and always gives results very close to ours