Spanish Market Integration at the end of the 19th Century. Wheat Prices between 1891 and 1905

The degree of development of Spanish agriculture at the end of the XIX century and the beginning of XX is a controversial issue. In this respect the study of the integration of the domestic market could provide new evidence since the degree of the market integration can be considered an indicator of economic development. By using regional wheat prices this paper analyzes the Spanish market integration between 1891 and 1905. With this aim in mind we employ the usual cointegration approach as well as an alternative method based on spectral analysis that allows taking into consideration the existence of no synchronized cycles.El grado de desarrollo de la agricultura española a finales del siglo XIX y principios de XX es una cuestión controvertida y el análisis de la integración del mercado interior puede aportar evidencias que contribuyan a matizar esta tesis. En general se considera que el grado de integración de mercado es un indicador del desarrollo económico. Este trabajo analiza empíricamente la cuestión de la integración del mercado interior entre 1891 y 1905 a partir de los precios del trigo de las diferentes regiones. A tal fin se presenta además del modelo de cointegración predominante en la actualidad un mètodo alternativo, la descomposición espectral, que permite tomar en consideración la existencia de ciclos no sincronizados

Una nueva combinación y cambio de rango para un híbrido marroquí en Centaurea (Asteraceae).

[ES] Se propone una nueva combinación y cambio de rango para el híbrido marroquí descrito como Centaurea ×subdecurrens nothosubsp. paucispina ["paucispinus"] [= C. aspera subsp. gentilii × C. seridis var. auriculata] (Asteraceae).[EN] A new combination and change in rank for the Moroccan hybrid described as Centaurea ×subdecurrens nothosubsp. paucispina [¿paucispinus¿] [= C. aspera subsp. gentilii × C. seridis var. auriculata] (Asteraceae) are proposed.Ferrer-Gallego, PP.; Merle Farinós, HB.; Ferriol Molina, M.; Garmendia, A. (2018). A new combination and change in Rank for a Moroccan hybrid in Centaurea (Asteraceae). Flora Montibérica. 71:35-37. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/136101S35377

Um modelo matemático multi terminais e uma metaheurística Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search para o problema de roteamento de navios aliviadores visando o escoamento de petróleo offshore

The oil and natural gas production chain presents a large complexity and involves a set of steps to obtain such derivative. Particularly noteworthy are the logistics support services to production that must provide quick responses to the production system chain, minimizing costs. The importance of Floating Production Storage Offloading (FPSO), generally large vessels capable of producing, processing and storing the oil that is transferred to the land by shuttle tanks or by oil pipelines, is emphasized. In this context, the flow of oil by shuttle tanks, together with the effective establishment of the routes, is very relevant. Therefore, this work presents a mult-terminals mathematical model for the problem of shuttle tanks routing and an Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search meta - heuristic (ALNS) that is able to define shuttle tanks routes at a minimum cost. The computational tests showed that the mathematical model performs better than another proposed model in the literature and that the ALNS meta-heuristic is able to find good solutions in a reduced time.A cadeia produtiva de petróleo e gás natural apresenta grande complexidade e envolve um conjunto de etapas para se obter tal derivado. Pode-se destacar especialmente os serviços de apoio logístico à produção que devem prover respostas rápidas ao sistema da cadeia de produção, minimizando ao máximo os custos, desonerando a cadeia produtiva. Ressalta-se a importância dos FPSO (Floating Production Storage Offloading), navios, em geral de grande porte com capacidade de produzir, processar e armazenar o petróleo que é transferido para a terra por meio de navios aliviadores ou oleodutos. Neste contexto, o escoamento do petróleo por meio de navios aliviadores, aliado ao estabelecimento eficaz das rotas, mostra-se bastante relevante. Portanto, este trabalho apresenta um modelo matemático multi terminais para o problema de roteamento de navios aliviadores e uma meta-heurística Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) que é capaz de definir as rotas dos navios aliviadores ao menor custo possível. Os testes computacionais mostraram que o modelo matemático possui um desempenho melhor que um outro proposto na literatura e que a meta-heurística ALNS é capaz de encontrar boas soluções em um reduzido tempo computacional

Railways’ influence in the Spanish urban development

The aim of this paper is to measure the influence of the railroad in the urbanization of Spain between 1860 and 1910. Our sources are from quantitative information –censuses of population– and qualitative one –coastal condition, existence of mining industry or industry, administrative capital and date of the railway connection–. We have estimated a first model of data panel in differences. Based on this model we have employed different estimation techniques in order to address omitted variables and/or endogeneity of the train variable. Results from all estimations give us clear evidence of the positive influence of the railroad on the urban growth. In addition a quasi-experiment design reinforces this conclusion. In short, although moderate, our paper shows strong evidence of the influence of the railroad on Spanish urbanization. This conclusion is coherent with other research.El propósito de este artículo es medir la influencia del ferrocarril en el crecimiento urbano en España entre 1860 y 1910. A partir de información cuantitativa —censos de población— y cualitativa —condición costera, existencia de minería o industria, capitalidad administrativa y fecha de la conexión ferroviaria—, se construye un primer modelo de diferencias en datos de panel. Sobre la base de este modelo se utilizan distintas técnicas de estimación para tratar de solventar la existencia de variables omitidas y la posible endogeneidad de la variable «tren». Los resultados de todas las estimaciones muestran una evidencia clara de la influencia positiva del ferrocarril sobre el crecimiento urbano. Esta conclusión resulta además reforzada con la estimación de un segundo modelo basado en el diseño de un cuasi experimento. En resumen, aunque moderada, la influencia del ferrocarril parece sólidamente establecida desde el punto de vista empírico. Este resultado es coherente con otras investigaciones

A Fast Solver for Large Tridiagonal Systems on Multi-Core Processors (Lass Library)

[Abstract]: Many problems of industrial and scientific interest require the solving of tridiagonal linear systems. This paper presents several implementations for the parallel solving of large tridiagonal systems on multi-core architectures, using the OmpSs programming model. The strategy used for the parallelization is based on the combination of two different existing algorithms, PCR and Thomas. The Thomas algorithm, which cannot be parallelized, requires the fewest number of floating point operations. The PCR algorithm is the most popular parallel method, but it is more computationally expensive than Thomas. The method proposed in this paper starts applying the PCR algorithm to break down one large tridiagonal system into a set of smaller and independent ones. In a second step, these independent systems are concurrently solved using Thomas. The paper also contains an analytical study of which is the best point to switch from PCR to Thomas. Also, the paper addresses the main performance issues of combining PCR and Thomas proposing a set of alternative implementations, some of them even imply algorithmic changes. The performance evaluation shows that the best implementation achieves a peak speedup of 4 with respect to the Intel MKL counterpart routine and 2.5 with respect to a single-threaded Thomas.This work was supported in part by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation under the Specific Grant Agreements Human Brain Project SGA1 and Human Brain Project SGA2 under Grant 720270 and Grant 785907, in part by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under the Project Computación de Altas Prestaciones VII under Grant TIN2015-65316-P, in part by the Departament d’Innovació, Universitats i Empresa de la Generalitat de Catalunya, under project MPEXPAR: Models de Programació i Entorns d’Execució Paralůlels under Grant 2014-SGR-1051, in part by the Juan de la Cierva under Grant IJCI-2017-33511, in part by the Fujitsu under the Barcelona Supercomputing Center-Fujitsu Joint Project: Math Libraries Migration and Optimization, in part by the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad of Spain, in part by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional Funds of the European Union under Grant TIN2016-75845-P, and in part by the Xunta de Galicia co-founded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) under the Consolidation Programme of Competitive Reference Groups under Grant ED431C 2017/04, and in part by the Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia accreditatión 2016-2019 under Grant ED431G/01.Xunta de Galicia; ED431C 2017/04Xunta de Galicia; ED431G/01Generalitat de Catalunya; 2014-SGR-105

Uso e comparação do método de estaqueamento, o método DGPS e Geoprocessamento no monitoramento de uma área erosiva na fazenda do Glória – Uberlândia, MG

The agriculture and cattle-breeding areas generate environmental impacts especially in countries with tropical climates. Among the impacts is the erosion process that can be measured in different scales of space and time, considering the context. The goal is to take the measurements using different methods and compare them to evaluate and guide future rehabilitation. Between the months of August 2007 and December 2008, the staking, the geoprocessing (GIS) and the DGPS methods were used to measure the erosion process in the Experimental Farm of Glory owned by the Federal University of Uberlandia, located at the morphoclimatic domains of the Cerrado. The three methods were effective in different scales of time and space. The first one were effective for monthly measurements, the second one were effective for semiannual or even bimonthly measurements and the last one for annual measurements of large intervals. The monitoring work helps the curb erosion job, because it establishes priorities and working timelines.As áreas de agricultura e pecuária geram impactos ambientais, principalmente em países de climas tropicais. Dentre os impactos estão os processos erosivos que podem ser mensurados em diferentes escalas de espaço e tempo, considerando sempre o contexto. O objetivo é fazer a mensuração com diferentes métodos e compará-los para avaliar e orientar uma futura reabilitação. Entre os meses de agosto de 2007 e dezembro de 2008 foram utilizados o método de estaqueamento, o geoprocessamento e o método DGPS para mensuração de um processo erosivo na Fazenda Experimental do Glória, pertencente à Universidade Federal de Uberlândia e localizada no Domínio Morfoclimático do Cerrado. Os três métodos foram eficazes em diferentes escalas de tempo e espaço. O primeiro para medições em meses, o segundo medições semestrais ou até bimestrais e o último medições anuais de grandes intervalos. O trabalho de monitoramento auxilia no trabalho de contenção de processos erosivos, pois estabelece prioridades e tempos de trabalhos

Object pragmatics: Culture and communication. The bases for early cognitive development

This material has been published in revised form in "The Cambridge handbook of sociocultural psychology. Ed. Alberto Rosa and Jaan Valsiner" [https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316662229]. This version is free to view and download for private research and study only. Not for re-distribution or re-use. © 2018 Cambridge University PressThis chapter has been written with the support of the Ministry of Economy of Spain (EDU2015–64129-P MINECO: FEDER

Caregivers' Malaria Knowledge, Beliefs and Attitudes, and Related Factors in the Bata District, Equatorial Guinea

OBJECTIVES: Adequate community knowledge about malaria is crucial in order to improve prevention by reducing exposure to the disease. Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children of less than five years of age in Equatorial Guinea. However, information concerning the accuracy of community knowledge is insufficient. This study aimed at assessing the depth of caregivers' knowledge of malaria, their beliefs and attitudes about this disease, and their socioeconomic determinants in the Bata district of Equatorial Guinea. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the district of Bata, involving 440 houses selected from 18 rural villages and 26 urban neighbourhoods. A combined "Malaria Knowledge Score" was generated based on caregivers' knowledge about transmission, symptoms, prevention, the treatment of children, and best place to seek treatment. Multivariate logistic regressions analyses were performed to assess those factors that are associated with knowledge about malaria. RESULTS: A total of 428 caregivers were interviewed; 255 (59.6%) and 173 (40.4%) lived in urban and rural areas respectively. Significant differences between rural and urban households were observed in caregivers' malaria knowledges and beliefs. Almost 42% of urban and 65% of rural caregivers were unaware as to how malaria is transmitted (OR = 2.69; 95% CI: 1.78-4.05). Together with rurality, the factors most significantly associated with the Malaria Knowledge were the level of education of the caregiver and the socioeconomic status of the household. CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in educational programs are needed to empower the most vulnerable households such that they can pro-actively implement malaria control measures. This could be achieved by a comprehensive communication strategy aimed at changing individual and community behaviours, and delivered by suitably trained community health workers and indoor residual spraying personnel.This study was funded by the Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional (AECID), TREG1415/11, http://www.aecid.es/ES; and the Tropical Diseases Research Network (RICET), RD12/0018/0001, http://www.ricet.es/. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.S

Effect of 0.2% nifedipine gel on anal canal pressures and postoperative pain: study following hemorrhoidectomy by open technique

INTRODUCTION: Hemorrhoids are very common and pain following their surgical treatment causes great suffering. Various alternatives have been studied for reducing postoperative pain. Among these is surgical sphincterotomy, which may in some cases cause some degree of fecal incontinence. For this reason, several studies have used chemical sphincterotomy, with nifedipine, diltiazem, glycerin trinitrate or botulinum toxin. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of topical nifedipine for reducing anal canal pressures and consequently reducing postoperative pain. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Topical gels of 0.2% nifedipine plus 2% lidocaine (Group 1) and 2% lidocaine alone (Group 2) were used following hemorrhoidectomy. Pressures were measured before the operation and on the first, fourth and seventh days after the operation. Pain was also evaluated on all of the first seven postoperative days using a visual analog scale. RESULTS: There were no differences in relation to anal canal pressures, but lower pain levels were reported in the group that received nifedipine. CONCLUSION: Nifedipine gel was efficient for postoperative analgesia, but did not alter anal canal pressures.INTRODUÇÃO: As hemorróidas são muito freqüentes e após o seu tratamento cirúrgico tem se observado que a dor causa muito sofrimento. Várias alternativas tem sido estudadas para melhorar a dor pós-operatória dentre elas a esfincterotomia cirúrgica que pode em alguns casos causar algum grau de incontinência fecal. Por esse motivo vários estudos tem utilizado a esfincterotomia química com nifedipina, diltiazen, trinitrato de glicerina e toxina botulínica. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da nifedipina tópica nas diminuições das pressões do canal anal e consequente influência na melhora da dor pós-operatória. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Utilização da nifedipina tópica gel 0,2% (Grupo 1) e lidocaina 2% (Grupo 2) no pós operatório de hemorroidectomia aferindo as pressões no pré, primeiro, quarto e sétimo dias de pós operatório, associado de medida de dor todos os dias do pós-operatório através de tabela analógica. RESULTADOS: Os autores não encontraram diferenças em relação às pressões de canal anal mas em relação à dor referida estas foram em menor intensidade no grupo que recebeu a nifedipina. CONCLUSÕES: a nifedipina gel foi eficiente na analgesia pós-operatória, no entanto não alterou as pressões do canal anal.FCMSCSPUniversidade de TaubatéEscola Paulista de MedicinaHospital Universitário de Taubaté Serviço de Endoscopia e Motilidade DigestivaFaculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São PauloUSP FMFaculdade de Medicina do ABCUNIFESP, EPMSciEL

Índice Paranaense de Atividade Econômica: metodologia e resultados

O objetivo deste estudo é construir um índice de atividade econômica para monitorar, trimestralmente, a evolução da economia paranaense. A estrutura do índice contempla as atividades agrícola, pecuária, indústria e comércio. A metodologia de cálculo faz uso de dados de pesquisas secundárias do IBGE e das Contas Regionais para formação da estrutura de ponderação. O Índice Paranaense de Atividade Econômica (IPAE-RET/UFPR) consiste em um indicador antecedente trimestral que permite avaliar, ao longo do ano, o comportamento da economia paranaens