A RELAÇÃO ENTRE O ABUSO DO DIREITO E A BOA-FÉ OBJETIVA

Neste trabalho, busca-se explicitar a relação entre os chamados princípios jurídicos do abuso do direito e o da boa-fé objetiva. Sublinha-se que, na seara contratual, a boa-fé ganha destaque como elemento constitutivo do abuso, ou seja, nas relações contratuais o abuso passa a ser definido pela contrariedade à boa-fé e, mais especificamente, à confiança e à justiça contratuais. Com base nesse critério, cinco formas de abuso do direito são aqui analisadas: tu quoque, surrectio, supressio, venire contra factum proprium e a teoria do adimplemento substancial. Adverte-se, todavia, que a boa-fé não é o único parâmetro para aferição do ato abusivo, apesar de constituir um dos principais critérios aptos a configurar a ocorrência de abuso do direito. Como se ressalta, a par da boa-fé objetiva, os demais valores e princípios fundantes do ordenamento jurídico – via de regra inscritos na tábua axiológica constitucional – conformam os limites a serem observados pelos titulares de prerrogativas individuais

Significant benefits of AIP testing and clinical screening in familial isolated and young-onset pituitary tumors

Context Germline mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) gene are responsible for a subset of familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA) cases and sporadic pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs). Objective To compare prospectively diagnosed AIP mutation-positive (AIPmut) PitNET patients with clinically presenting patients and to compare the clinical characteristics of AIPmut and AIPneg PitNET patients. Design 12-year prospective, observational study. Participants & Setting We studied probands and family members of FIPA kindreds and sporadic patients with disease onset ≤18 years or macroadenomas with onset ≤30 years (n = 1477). This was a collaborative study conducted at referral centers for pituitary diseases. Interventions & Outcome AIP testing and clinical screening for pituitary disease. Comparison of characteristics of prospectively diagnosed (n = 22) vs clinically presenting AIPmut PitNET patients (n = 145), and AIPmut (n = 167) vs AIPneg PitNET patients (n = 1310). Results Prospectively diagnosed AIPmut PitNET patients had smaller lesions with less suprasellar extension or cavernous sinus invasion and required fewer treatments with fewer operations and no radiotherapy compared with clinically presenting cases; there were fewer cases with active disease and hypopituitarism at last follow-up. When comparing AIPmut and AIPneg cases, AIPmut patients were more often males, younger, more often had GH excess, pituitary apoplexy, suprasellar extension, and more patients required multimodal therapy, including radiotherapy. AIPmut patients (n = 136) with GH excess were taller than AIPneg counterparts (n = 650). Conclusions Prospectively diagnosed AIPmut patients show better outcomes than clinically presenting cases, demonstrating the benefits of genetic and clinical screening. AIP-related pituitary disease has a wide spectrum ranging from aggressively growing lesions to stable or indolent disease course

Cyberconsumer protection and the principle of objective good faith

O objetivo desta dissertação é a análise das implicações jurídicas decorrentes da utilização da rede mundial de computadores, como meio de realização de transações comerciais. Ela tem como principais temas a contratação de consumo via Internet, seus desafios, oportunidades, formas de regulação, prevenção e controle de práticas abusivas. Adotando uma perspectiva histórica, mostra-se que, a humanidade vive hoje a revolução da tecnologia da informação. Um dos instrumentos mais inovadores da era informacional é a Internet, que vem proporcionando o desenvolvimento de uma especial forma de realizar negócios: o comércio eletrônico. Aqui são analisados a complexidade e os desafios próprios da contratação de consumo virtual. Dentre eles, ressaltam-se a despersonalização extrema do contrato, as assimetrias informacional e técnica, a desmaterialização do meio de realização do acordo, do instrumento, do objeto (em alguns casos) e dos vícios contratuais, a desterritorialização e a internacionalidade eventual da contratação eletrônica e, por fim, a ausência de regulamentação legal própria à defesa dos ciberconsumidores. Esse é o pano de fundo da acentuada vulnerabilidade dessa nova figura, a parte leiga na relação de consumo via Internet, que para muitos tem seus mistérios, defrontando-se com fornecedores e profissionais que têm pleno domínio sobre o próprio meio virtual, sobre as informações do produto ou serviço que oferecem. A Internet não equaliza, ao contrário, amplifica os desequilíbrios de informação e de poder de barganha. Assim, é inevitável o surgimento de problemas específicos do comércio online, bem como a intensificação de outros, em particular práticas comerciais desleais e enganosas. Na ausência de regulamentação legal específica, há necessidade de regulação do comércio eletrônico de consumo por meio de princípios jurídicos. O princípio da boa-fé objetiva é considerado o meio hábil para conduzir à solução de crescente número de conflitos de interesses no âmbito das relações de consumo eletrônicas. Por sua especial flexibilidade e amplo campo de incidência, atribui-se a esse princípio a função de assegurar a completude do ordenamento jurídico, tornando-se o instrumento apto a solucionar conflitos havidos na contratação eletrônica de consumo.This thesis is mostly aimed at analyzing legal implications arising from the use of World Wide Web as a way of doing commercial transactions. Namely, its challenges, opportunities, forms of regulation, prevention and control of abusive practices. Adopting a historical perspective, it is shown that humanity is now living the revolution of information technology in which the Internet plays an important role as the way of doing electronic commerce. It is firstly enphasized the complexity and challenges of the virtual consumption. Then, a set of related questions is analyzed, that is to say: the extreme depersonalization of the contract, technical and informational asymmetries, the dematerialization of the means of concluding the agreement, the instrument, the object (in some cases) and contracts vices, the deterritorialization and the occasional internationality of electronic contracting and, finally, the absence of legal regulation to protect the cyberconsumer. This is the background behind the intensification of cyberconsumers vulnerability. He is the lay party in the consumption relationship via the Internet, which for many has its mysteries, faced with suppliers and professionals who have full control over their own virtual environment, the information about the product or service. The Internet does not equalize, on the contrary, amplifies the imbalances of information and of bargaining power. Thus, in the online commerce the emergence of specifics problems is inevitable, as well as the intensification of others, particularly unfair and deceptive trade practices. In the absence of specific statutory/legal regulation, electronic commerce needs to be regulated with the help of legal principles. The principle of objective good faith is considered the skillful tool to lead to the solution of an increasing number of conflicts of interest in electronic marketplace. Due to its special flexibility and wide field of incidence it is attributed to that principle the function of ensuring the completeness of the legal system, becoming the most able instrument to solve conflicts accruing from the electronic consumer hiring

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data