Effect Of Annealing On Structure, Morphology, Electrical And Optical Properties Of Nanocrystalline TiO2 Thin Films

Semi-transparent and highly conducting nanostructured titanium oxide thin films have been prepared by sol-gel method. Thin films of TiO2 deposited on glass substrates using spin coating technique and the effect of annealing temperature (400 - 700 °C) on structural, microstructural, electrical and optical properties were studied. The X-ray diffraction and Atomic force microscopy measurements confirmed that the films grown by this technique have good crystalline tetragonal mixed anatase and rutile phase structure and homogeneous surface. The study also reveals that the rms value of thin film roughness increases from 7 to 19 nm. HRTEM image of TiO2 thin film (annealed at 700 °C) shows that a grain of about 50 - 60 nm in size is really aggregate of many small crystallites of around 10 - 15 nm. Electron diffraction pattern shows that the TiO2 films exhibited tetragonal structure. The surface morphology (SEM) of the TiO2 film showed that the nanoparticles are fine with an average grain size of about 50 - 60 nm. The optical band gap slightly decreases from 3.26 - 3.24 eV and the dc electrical conductivity was found in the range of 10-6 to 10-5(Ω·cm)-1 when the annealing temperature is changed from 400 to 700 °C. It is observed that TiO2 thin film annealed at 700 °C after deposition provide a smooth and flat texture suited for optoelectronic applications. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/967

Fabrication of polyaniline/TiO2 nanocomposite ammonia vapor sensor

Polyaniline/Titanium dioxide (PANi/TiO2) nanocomposite was fabricated from PANi, prepared by oxidative chemical polymerization and TiO2, synthesized by sol gel method. The PANi/TiO2 thin film sensors were prepared by spin coating technique. PANi/TiO2 nanocomposites were characterized by XRD and SEM. The cross sensitivity of thin film sensor indicate that the sensor exhibit selectivity to ammonia (NH3). The gas sensing measurements were carried out for different concentrations of NH3. The gas sensing study revealed that the response value increases with increasing concentration of NH3. Moreover, as concentration of NH3 increases, the response time decreases while recovery time increases, which can be attributed to the varying adsorption and desorption rates of an ambient gas with increasing concentration. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/2791

Fabrication of polyaniline/TiO2 nanocomposite ammonia vapor sensor

Polyaniline/Titanium dioxide (PANi/TiO2) nanocomposite was fabricated from PANi, prepared by oxidative chemical polymerization and TiO2, synthesized by sol gel method. The PANi/TiO2 thin film sensors were prepared by spin coating technique. PANi/TiO2 nanocomposites were characterized by XRD and SEM. The cross sensitivity of thin film sensor indicate that the sensor exhibit selectivity to ammonia (NH3). The gas sensing measurements were carried out for different concentrations of NH3. The gas sensing study revealed that the response value increases with increasing concentration of NH3. Moreover, as concentration of NH3 increases, the response time decreases while recovery time increases, which can be attributed to the varying adsorption and desorption rates of an ambient gas with increasing concentration. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/2791

Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050

Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached$8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total,$40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this,$13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and$1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4$2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7$1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

International nosocomial infection control consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 36 countries, for 2004-2009

The results of a surveillance study conducted by the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) from January 2004 through December 2009 in 422 intensive care units (ICUs) of 36 countries in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe are reported. During the 6-year study period, using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN; formerly the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system [NNIS]) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infections, we gathered prospective data from 313,008 patients hospitalized in the consortium's ICUs for an aggregate of 2,194,897 ICU bed-days. Despite the fact that the use of devices in the developing countries' ICUs was remarkably similar to that reported in US ICUs in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were significantly higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals; the pooled rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection in the INICC ICUs of 6.8 per 1,000 central line-days was more than 3-fold higher than the 2.0 per 1,000 central line-days reported in comparable US ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia also was far higher (15.8 vs 3.3 per 1,000 ventilator-days), as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (6.3 vs. 3.3 per 1,000 catheter-days). Notably, the frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates to imipenem (47.2% vs 23.0%), Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (76.3% vs 27.1%), Escherichia coli isolates to ceftazidime (66.7% vs 8.1%), Staphylococcus aureus isolates to methicillin (84.4% vs 56.8%), were also higher in the consortium's ICUs, and the crude unadjusted excess mortalities of device-related infections ranged from 7.3% (for catheter-associated urinary tract infection) to 15.2% (for ventilator-associated pneumonia). Copyright © 2012 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Diversity of Bioactive Components of Achyranthes aspera Linn leaves.

Achyranthes aspera Linn is well known medicinal plant and found enormous information about drug in ancient literature such as Ayurvedic, Unani, Tibba, Siddha, Allopathy, Homoepathy, Neuropathy and Home remedies. Achyranthes aspera Linn is widely used for stomachic, bronchitis, heart diseases, abdominal pains, dysentery, dyspepsia etc. It has traditionally used in cough and asthma. The present communication deals with the diversity of bioactive components of Achyranthes aspera leaves and evaluation of soluble extractive percentage using three different solvents. Soluble extractive percentage of Achyranthes aspera leaves has been found more in aqueous extract (3.75%) followed by methanolic extract (1.5%) and acetone extract (0.3%). Soluble extractive percentage is useful for evaluation of crude drug and nature of chemical constituents present in crud drug. Phytochemical analysis of Achyranthes aspera revealed presence of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, saponin glycosides, anthraquinone glycosides, alkaloids and steroids. The present study is clearly indicates the Achyranthes aspera leaves have important source of bioactive and therapeutically active constituents and exhibiting the diversity and variation in bioactive components

Microwave Assisted One Pot Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrano[c]chromene Derivatives using [Emim]OH Ionic Liquid as Novel Catalyst

Published ArticleOne-pot efficient protocol to the synthesis of 2-amino-5-oxo-4,5-dihydropyrano(3,2-c)chromene-3-carbonitrile derivatives via condensation of various aryl aldehydes, dicyanomethane and 4-hydroxycoumarin in presence of Emim hydroxide as an excellent homogeneous liquid catalyst. The key advantages of this methodology are mild reaction conditions, novel catalyst, short reaction time, eco-friendly, easy work-up procedure and high yield of isolation of derivatives

Microwave Assisted One Pot Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrano[c]chromene Derivatives using [Emim]OH Ionic Liquid as Novel Catalyst

Published ArticleOne-pot efficient protocol to the synthesis of 2-amino-5-oxo-4,5-dihydropyrano(3,2-c)chromene-3-carbonitrile derivatives via condensation of various aryl aldehydes, dicyanomethane and 4-hydroxycoumarin in presence of Emim hydroxide as an excellent homogeneous liquid catalyst. The key advantages of this methodology are mild reaction conditions, novel catalyst, short reaction time, eco-friendly, easy work-up procedure and high yield of isolation of derivatives

Електрохімічна поведінка чистих ефективних електродів Mn2O3, отриманих за недорогою технікою потенціостатичного електроосадження

Електрод типу нанолусок з Mn2O3 для застосування в суперконденсаторах був успішно електроосаджений на колектор струму з нержавіючої сталі (SS) потенціостатичним способом без використання будь-якого сполучного або закупорювального засобу. Структурні, морфологічні та композиційні властивості підготовлених електродів Mn2O3 були охарактеризовані за допомогою методів дифракції рентгенівських променів (XRD), польової емісійної скануючої електронної мікроскопії (FESEM) та інфрачервоної спектроскопії з перетворенням Фур'є (FTIR) відповідно. Дослідження XRD виявило наночастинки Mn2O3, які мають кристалічну об'ємно-центровану кубічну структуру (BCC), підтверджену за допомогою JCPDS no. 89-2809. Зображення FESEM демонструють морфологію нанолусок, а також пластинчасту та пористу морфологію, придатну для електрохімічних застосувань. Утворення Mn2O3 було підтверджено за допомогою FTIR спектрів. Електрохімічні характеристики електрода Mn2O3 досліджували за допомогою циклічної вольтамперометрії (CV), гальваностатичного заряду/розряду (GCD) та електрохімічної імпедансної спектроскопії (EIS) в електролітах Na2SO4, NaOH та KCl. Виявлено, що електроліт 1 M Na2SO4 добре підходить для електроду типу нанолусок з Mn2O3 для застосування в суперконденсаторах з питомою ємністю (Csp) 508 Фгм – 1 при швидкості сканування 5 мВс – 1. Кращі значення Csp можуть бути пов'язані з великими активними центрами та швидким іонним транспортом через поверхню електрода Mn2O3. Аналіз електрохімічної стабільності електрода Mn2O3 показує збереження ємності 83 % після 1000 циклів в електроліті 1 M Na2SO4 при швидкості сканування 100 мВс – 1.Mn2O3 nanoflake type electrode for supercapacitor applications has been successfully electrodeposited on stainless steel (SS) current collector by potentiostatic way without using any binder or capping agent. Structural, morphological and compositional properties of the prepared Mn2O3 electrodes were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy techniques, respectively. The XRD study revealed Mn2O3 nanoparticles exhibiting body centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure confirmed using JCPDS no. 89-2809. The FESEM images show nanoflake, lamellar and porous morphology suitable for electrochemical applications. The formation of Mn2O3 was confirmed using FTIR spectra. The electrochemical performance of Mn2O3 electrode was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in Na2SO4, NaOH and KCl electrolytes. It is revealed that the 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte is well suited for Mn2O3 nanoflake type electrode for supercapacitor applications exhibiting specific capacitance (Csp) of 508 Fgm – 1 at a scan rate of 5 mVs – 1. The better Csp values may be due to large active sites and rapid ionic transport across the Mn2O3 electrode's surface. Analysis of the electrochemical stability of the Mn2O3 electrode exhibits a capacity retention value of 83 % after 1000 cycles in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte at a scan rate of 100 mVs – 1