Contribution to the geology, geochemistry and petrography of mafic dykes from the central-east portion of Rondônia, SW Amazonian Craton

Dois tipos de diques máficos ocorrem na porção centro-leste de Rondônia, a sudoeste do Cráton Amazônico. Os enxames posicionam-se na interface entre duas províncias geocronológicas e terrenos tectônicos distintos (Província Rio Negro-Juruena e Sunsás-Aguapeí, individualizadas no Terreno Jamari e Terreno Nova Brasilândia, respectivamente), separados pelo gráben paleozoico de Pimenta Bueno. Eles são denominados diabásio I e diabásio II. Diabásio I orienta-se preferencialmente segundo WNW-ESE, subordinadamente segundo NW-SE, e cortam rochas proterozoicas das formações Migrantinópolis e Terra Boa, e da Suíte Intrusiva Serra da Providência. Diabásio II é mais abundante na região e orienta-se preferencialmente segundo N-S e NNE-SSW, e subordinadamente segundo WSW-ESE. Esse enxame intrude rochas paleozoicas das formações Pedra Redonda e Pimenta Bueno. As principais diferenças petrográficas consistem na presença de ortopiroxênio somente nas amostras do diabásio II, e em diferentes texturas, predominantemente equigranular no diabásio I, e frequentemente porfirítica e microporfirítica no diabásio II. Geoquimicamente, as rochas de ambos os tipos classificam-se como basaltos toleíticos. Diabásio I (mg# 0,35 – 0,71) é mais enriquecido em FeO, TiO2 , K2 O, P2 O5 e elementos incompatíveis em comparação ao diabásio II (mg# 0,40 – 0,60). A diferença em grau de enriquecimento de ambos os magmas e a nítida distinção entre razões de elementos incompatíveis indicam que diabásio I e diabásio II são provenientes de diferentes mantos parentais. A grande similaridade entre teores e razões de elementos incompatíveis dos diabásios I e metagabros do Grupo Nova Brasilândia (1,10 Ga) sugere que ambos os magmas originaram-se de fontes mantélicas semelhantes, devendose levar em conta, para futuras pesquisas, a possibilidade da proximidade das respectivas idades de intrusão. As características geológicas do enxame de diabásio II sugere idade mesozoica. Os dados geológicos e geoquímicos indicam ambiente intracratônico para ambos os enxamesTwo types of mafic dykes occur in the central-east portion of Rondônia State, in the SW Amazonian Craton. They are located at the interface between two geochronological provinces and distinct tectonic terrains (Rio Negro-Juruena and Sunsas-Aguapei Provinces, Jamari Terrain and Nova Brasilandia Terrain, respectively) and are separated by the Pimento Bueno paleozoic graben. They are named diabase I and diabase II. Diabase I trends predominantly WNW-ESE, and subordinately NW-SE, and crosscut proterozoic rocks from Migrantopolis and Terra Boa Formations and from the Intrusive Suite of Serra da Providência. Diabase II is more widespread in the region and trends mainly N-S and NNE-SSW, and subordinately WSW-ESE. This swarm crosscuts both proterozoic (Migrantinópolis and Terra Boa formations), and paleozoic rocks (Pedra Redonda and Pimenta Bueno formations). The main petrographic differences refers to the presence of orthopyroxene only in the diabase II samples, and different textures, predominately equigranular, in diabase I, and frequently porphyritic and microporphyritic in diabase II. Geochemically, both types are classified as tholeiitic basalts. Diabase I (mg# 0.35 – 0.71) is more enriched in FeO, TiO2 , K2 O, P2 O5 and in incompatible elements in comparison with diabase II (mg# 0.40 – 0.60). The difference between enrichment degree of both melts and the clear distinction between incompatible element ratios indicate that diabase I and diabase II originate from different parent mantles. The great similarity between contents and incompatible element ratios of diabase I dykes and metagabbros from the Nova Brasilândia Group (1.10 Ga) suggest that both melts originate from similar sources, and forthcoming researches should take into account the possibility of similar intrusion ages. The geological setting of the diabase II swarm suggests that these intrusions could be mesozoic. Geologic and geochemical data indicate an intracontinental setting for both swarm

Assessment of the agronomic potential of two types of deep-bedding swine

The aim of this study was to assess two deep-bedding swine with different substrates, shavings woods and sugarcane bagasse through analyses of 6 lots with 40 animals to determine their agronomic potential as a fertilizer. Each pen housed the animals in the finishing phase for 90 days. Samples were collected at the time of removal of both beds, after 1 year of use. The results showed that the bed sugarcane bagasse presented a higher concentration of minerals due to their higher decomposition, while the bed with shaving woods had a higher concentration of carbon, causing an increase in the ratio of carbon/nitrogen, promoted by a lower mineralization of the organic matter due to the presence of large-scale lignificant material in the timber. The average concentration of nutrients found in the beds, makes it as a possible source of organic fertilizer for use on crops

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Características antropométricas, perfil dietético e balanço nitrogenado de atletas de Jiu Jitsu brasileiro

Objectives: to analyze body mass, food intake and nitrogen balance of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu amateur athletes. Methods: Age, stature, skinfolds, percentage of body fat, food intake and nitrogen balance of 11 Brazilian jiu jitsu amateur athletes, adults of both sexes, were investigated. For this, structured questionnaires, 24-hour food records and anthropometric evaluation were applied, in addition to the 24-hour urea dosage for determination of the nitrogen balance. Results and discussion: mean weight of 23.20 ± 5.70 years (standard deviation), weight of 79.89 ± 20.67 kg, height of 1.75 ± 0.09 m and fat percentage of 14.51 ± 6.02%. They presented the amount of energy (2,887.00 ± 940.60 kcal / day) and carbohydrates (54.78 ± 5.67%) below the original level of the literature; (1.62 ± 0.60 g / kg), lipids (27.54 ± 5.91%) and some micronutrients, such as zinc and vitamins D, E, B1, B2, B3, B6, C and B12; the dietary intake of vitamins A and B5, as well as calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron and sodium being inadequate. There was no difference between athletes in relation to energy and macronutrients (Kruskal Wallis test). Nitrogen balance was positive in all athletes. Neutral content between protein and nitrogen balance positivity (Fischer's test). Conclusion: An inadequate intake of energy, carbohydrates, vitamins A and B5, as well as calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron and sodium, present themselves as protagonists of this study, presenting a worrying and detrimental factor in terms of performance and health.Objetivos: analisar a composição corporal, consumo alimentar e o balanço nitrogenado de atletas amadores do jiu jitsu brasileiro. Métodos: foram investigadas as variáveis idade, estatura, dobras cutâneas, percentual de gordura corporal, consumo alimentar e balanço nitrogenado de 11 atletas amadores do jiu jitsu brasileiro, adultos de ambos os sexos. Para isto, foram aplicados questionários estruturados, recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas e realizada avaliação antropométrica, além da dosagem de ureia em urina de 24 horas para determinação do balanço nitrogenado. Resultados e discussão: os atletas tinham idade média de 23,20 ± 5,70 anos (desvio-padrão), peso de 79,89 ± 20,67 kg, altura de 1,75 ± 0,09 m e percentual de gordura de 14,51 ± 6,02%. Apresentaram ingestão de energia (2.887,00 ± 940,60 kcal/dia) e de carboidratos (54,78 ± 5,67%) abaixo do nível recomendado pela literatura; ingestão adequada de proteínas (1,62 ± 0.60 g/kg), lipídeos (27,54 ± 5,91%) e alguns micronutrientes, como o zinco e as vitaminas D, E, B1, B2, B3, B6, C e B12; o consumo alimentar de vitaminas A e B5, bem como o de cálcio, magnésio, potássio, ferro e sódio apresentou-se inadequado. Não houve diferença entre os atletas, em relação à energia e macronutrientes (Kruskal Wallis test). O balanço nitrogenado mostrou-se positivo em todos os atletas. Não se observou relação entre consumo de proteínas e positividade do balanço nitrogenado (Fischer test). Conclusão: a ingestão inadequada de energia, carboidratos, vitaminas A e B5, assim como de cálcio, magnésio, potássio, ferro e sódio ocorre nos atletas deste estudo, apresentando um fator preocupante e prejudicial em termos de desempenho e saúde