Measurement of energetic particle radiation at the synchronous altitude aboard ATS-6

The Aerospace Corporation energetic electron-proton spectrometer operating on ATS-6 is described. This experiment detects energetic electrons in four channels between 140 keV and greater than 3.9 MeV, measures energetic protons in five energy channels between 2.3 and 80 MeV and energetic alpha particles in three channels between 9.4 and 94 MeV. After more than a year of operation in orbit, the experiment continues to return excellent data on the behavior of energetic magnetospheric electrons as well as information regarding the fluxes of solar protons and alpha particles

Coronal mass ejections, magnetic clouds, and relativistic magnetospheric electron events: ISTP

The role of high-speed solar wind streams in driving relativistic electron acceleration within the Earth\u27s magnetosphere during solar activity minimum conditions has been well documented. The rising phase of the new solar activity cycle (cycle 23) commenced in 1996, and there have recently been a number of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and related “magnetic clouds” at 1 AU. As these CME/cloud systems interact with the Earth\u27s magnetosphere, some events produce substantial enhancements in the magnetospheric energetic particle population while others do not. This paper compares and contrasts relativistic electron signatures observed by the POLAR, SAMPEX, Highly Elliptical Orbit, and geostationary orbit spacecraft during two magnetic cloud events: May 27–29, 1996, and January 10–11, 1997. Sequences were observed in each case in which the interplanetary magnetic field was first strongly southward and then rotated northward. In both cases, there were large solar wind density enhancements toward the end of the cloud passage at 1 AU. Strong energetic electron acceleration was observed in the January event, but not in the May event. The relative geoeffectiveness for these two cases is assessed, and it is concluded that large induced electric fields (∂B/∂t) caused in situ acceleration of electrons throughout the outer radiation zone during the January 1997 event

Cascaded Multilevel Inverter-Based Asymmetric Static Synchronous Compensator of Reactive Power

The topology of the static synchronous compensator of reactive power for a low-voltage three-phase utility grid capable of asymmetric reactive power compensation in grid phases has been proposed and analysed. It is implemented using separate, independent cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters for each phase. Every inverter includes two H-bridge cascades. The first cascade operating at grid frequency is implemented using thyristors, and the second one—operating at high frequency is based on the high-speed MOSFET transistors. The investigation shows that the proposed compensator is able to compensate the reactive power in a low-voltage three-phase grid when phases are loaded by highly asymmetrical reactive loads and provides up to three times lower power losses in the compensator as compared with the situation when the compensator is based on the conventional three-level inverters implemented using IGBT transistors.publishedVersio

A comparative study of high-field diamagnetic fluctuations in deoxygenated YBa2Cu3O(7-x) and polycrystalline (Bi-Pb)2Sr2Ca3O(10)

We studied three single crystals of YBa2Cu3O{7-x} with Tc= 62.5, 52, and 41 K, and a textured specimen of (Bi-Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 with Tc=108 K, for H//c axis. The reversible data were interpreted in terms of 2D lowest-Landau-level fluctuation theory. The data were fit well by the 2D LLL expression for magnetization obtained by Tesanovic etal., producing reasonable values of kappa but larger values of dHc2/dT. Universality was studied by obtaining a simultaneous scaling of Y123 data and Bi2223. An expression for the 2D x-axis LLL scaling factor used to obtain the simultaneous scaling was extracted from theory, and compared with the experimental values. The comparison between the values of the x-axis produced a deviation of 40% which suggests that the hypothesis of universality of the 2D-LLL fluctuations is not supported by the studied samples. We finaly observe that Y123 magnetization data for temperatures above $T_c$ obbey a universal scaling obtained for the diamagnetic fluctuation magnetization from a theory considering non-local field effects. The same scaling was not obbeyed by the corresponding magnetization calculated from the two-dimensional lowest-Landau-level theory.Comment: 7 pages 5 figures, accept in Journ. Low Temp. Phy

Influence of oxygen ordering kinetics on Raman and optical response in YBa_2Cu_3O_{6.4}

Kinetics of the optical and Raman response in YBa_2Cu_3O_{6.4} were studied during room temperature annealing following heat treatment. The superconducting T_c, dc resistivity, and low-energy optical conductivity recover slowly, implying a long relaxation time for the carrier density. Short relaxation times are observed for the B_{1g} Raman scattering -- magnetic, continuum, and phonon -- and the charge transfer band. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that these two relaxation rates are related to two length scales corresponding to local oxygen ordering (fast) and long chain and twin formation (slow).Comment: REVTeX, 3 pages + 4 PostScript (compressed) figure

Ba 4d core-level spectroscopy in the YBa2Cu3O6.9 high-Tc superconductor: Existence of a surface-shifted component

Two sets of spin-orbit split Ba 4d core-level photoemission peaks were observed in a crystal of YBa2Cu3O6.9. From constant final-state measurements taken as a function of kinetic energy, the low-binding-energy doublet is identified as a surface component. Possible origins of the surface shift are discussed

Vortex Dynamics Differences Due To Twin-boundary Pinning Anisotropy In Yba 2cu 3o X At Low Temperatures For H∥ab Planes

We measured the magnetization M of a twin-aligned single crystal of YBa 2Cu 3O x (YBaCuO), with T c =91 K, as a function of temperature T and magnetic field H, with H applied along the ab planes. Isothermal M-vs-H and M-vs-time curves were obtained with H applied parallel (∥) and perpendicular (⊥) to the twin boundary (TB) direction. M-vs-H curves exhibited two minima below 38 K, which resembled similar curves that have been obtained in YBaCuO for H∥c axis. Above 12 K, the field positions of the minima for H∥TB and H⊥TB were quite similar. Below 12 K, the position of the second minimum H min occurred at a higher field value with H∥TB. Below 6 K, only one minimum appeared for both field directions. At low temperatures, these minima in the M-vs-H curves produced maxima in the critical current. It was determined that vortex lines were expelled more easily for H∥TB than for H⊥TB and, therefore, below a certain field value, that J c(H⊥TB) was larger than J c(H∥TB). At T<12 K with H∥TB, the relaxation rate for flux lines leaving the crystal was found to be different from that for flux entering the crystal. We also observed flux jumps at low temperatures, with their sizes depending on the orientation of magnetic field with respect to the TB's. © 2005 The American Physical Society.712Sarikaya, M., Stern, E.A., (1988) Phys. Rev. B, 37, p. 9373Van Bakel, G.P.E.M., Hof, P.A., Van Engelen, J.P.M., Bronsveld, P.M., De Hosson, J.Th.M., (1990) Phys. Rev. B, 41, p. 9502Liu, J.Z., Jia, Y.X., Shelton, R.N., Fluss, M.J., (1991) Phys. Rev. Lett., 66, p. 1354Swartzendruber, L.J., Roitburd, A., Kaiser, D.L., Gayle, F.W., Bennett, L.H., (1990) Phys. Rev. Lett., 64, p. 483Kwok, W.K., Welp, U., Crabtree, G.W., Vandervoort, K.G., Hulscher, R., Liu, J.Z., (1990) Phys. Rev. Lett., 64, p. 966Duran, C.A., Gammel, P.L., Wolfe, R., Fratello, V.J., Bishop, D.J., Rice, J.P., Ginsberg, D.M., (1992) Nature (London), 357, p. 474Gyorgy, E.M., Van Dover, R.B., Schneemeyer, L.F., White, A.E., O'Bryan, H.M., Felder, R.J., Waszczak, J.V., Rhodes, W.W., (1990) Appl. Phys. Lett., 56, p. 2465Oussena, M., De Groot, P.A.J., Porter, S.J., Gagnon, R., Taillefer, L., (1995) Phys. Rev. B, 51, p. 1389Oussena, M., De Groot, P.A.J., Deligiannis, K., Volkozub, A.V., Gagnon, R., Taillefer, L., (1996) Phys. Rev. Lett., 76, p. 2559Vlasko-Vlasov, V.K., Dorosinskii, L.A., Polyanskii, A.A., Nikitenko, V.I., Welp, U., Veal, B.W., Crabtree, G.W., (1994) Phys. Rev. Lett., 72, p. 3246Wijngaarden, R.J., Griessen, R., Fendrich, J., Kwok, W.K., (1997) Phys. Rev. B, 55, p. 3268Duran, C.A., Gammel, P.L., Bishop, D.J., Rice, J.P., Ginsberg, D.M., (1995) Phys. Rev. Lett., 74, p. 3712Pastoriza, H., Candia, S., Nieva, G., (1999) Phys. Rev. Lett., 83, p. 1026Herbsommer, J.A., Nieva, G., Luzuriaga, J., (2000) Phys. Rev. B, 62, p. 3534Jorge, G.A., Rodriguez, E., (2000) Phys. Rev. B, 61, p. 103Bondareko, A.V., (2001) Low Temp. Phys., 27, p. 339(2001) Phys. Rev. B, 27, p. 201Esquinazi, P., Setzer, A., Fuchs, D., Kopelevich, Y., Zeldov, E., Assmann, C., (1999) Phys. Rev. B, 60, p. 12454Mints, R.G., Brandt, E.H., (1996) Phys. Rev. B, 54, p. 12421Muller, K.-H., Andrikidis, C., (1994) Phys. Rev. B, 49, p. 1294Guillot, M., Potel, M., Gougeon, P., Noel, H., Levet, J.C., Chouteau, G., Tholence, J.L., (1988) Phys. Lett. A, 127, p. 363Salem-Sugui Jr., S., Alvarenga, A.D., Friesen, M., Veal, B., Paulikas, P., (2001) Phys. Rev. B, 63, p. 216502Bean, C.P., (1962) Phys. Rev. Lett., 8, p. 250Tinkham, M., (1996) Introduction to Superconductivity, 2nd Ed., , McGraw-Hill, New YorkDe Andrade, M.C., Dilley, N.R., Ruess, F., Maple, M.B., (1998) Phys. Rev. B, 57, pp. R708Abulafia, Y., Shaulov, A., Wolfus, Y., Prozorov, R., Burlachkov, L., Yeshurun, Y., Majer, D., Vinokur, V.M., (1995) Phys. Rev. Lett., 75, p. 2404Maley, M.P., Willis, J.O., Lessure, H., McHenry, M.E., (1990) Phys. Rev. B, 42, p. 2639Shi, D., Salem-Sugui Jr., S., (1991) Phys. Rev. B, 44, p. 7647Beasley, M.R., Labash, R., Weeb, W.W., (1969) Phys. Rev., 181, p. 682Burlachkov, L., (1993) Phys. Rev. B, 47, p. 8056Alvarenga, A.D., Salem-Sugui Jr., S., (1994) Physica C, 235, p. 2811Junod, A., (1989) Physica C, 162-164, p. 482Triscone, G., (1990) Physica C, 168, p. 40Genoud, J.Y., (1991) Physica C, 177, p. 31

Comparative analysis of NOAA REFM and SNB 3 GEO tools for the forecast of the fluxes of high-energy electrons at GEO

Reliable forecasts of relativistic electrons at geostationary orbit (GEO) are important for the mitigation of their hazardous effects on spacecraft at GEO. For a number of years the Space Weather Prediction Center at NOAA has provided advanced online forecasts of the fluence of electrons with energy >2 MeV at GEO using the Relativistic Electron Forecast Model (REFM). The REFM forecasts are based on real-time solar wind speed observations at L1. The high reliability of this forecasting tool serves as a benchmark for the assessment of other forecasting tools. Since 2012 the Sheffield SNB3GEO model has been operating online, providing a 24 h ahead forecast of the same fluxes. In addition to solar wind speed, the SNB3GEO forecasts use solar wind density and interplanetary magnetic field Bz observations at L1.The period of joint operation of both of these forecasts has been used to compare their accuracy. Daily averaged measurements of electron fluxes by GOES 13 have been used to estimate the prediction efficiency of both forecasting tools. To assess the reliability of both models to forecast infrequent events of very high fluxes, the Heidke skill score was employed. The results obtained indicate that SNB3GEO provides a more accurate 1 day ahead forecast when compared to REFM. It is shown that the correction methodology utilized by REFM potentially can improve the SNB3GEO forecast