Forma Atípica de Tireoidite Supurativa Aguda, causado por Streptococcus gordoni, um relato de caso / Atypical Form of Acute Suppurative Thyroiditis, caused by Streptococcus gordoni, a case report

A tireoidite supurativa aguda é uma desordem rara, mais frequentemente causada pelo Staphylococcus aureus ou Streptococcus pneumoniae, em adultos, a disseminação por via hematogênica a partir de foco infeccioso em orofaringe ou trato respiratório. Os sinais e sintomas iniciais da tireoidite aguda são semelhantes aos da faringite aguda e da tireoidite subaguda, logo gera retardo no diagnóstico dessa doença e aumentando o risco de complicações. No caso é relatado um caso de uma paciente feminina de 48 anos, DM2, apresentando quadro de descompensação hemodinâmica e achado infeccioso tireoidiano, apresentando alterações de imagens ultrassonográficas e achado de cultura, por punção, por um agente raríssimo: Streptococcus gordoni

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Avaliação de diferentes frações inspiradas de oxigênio em cães anestesiados com infusão contínua de propofol e rocurônio, mantidos em ventilação controlada a pressão

Avaliaram-se os efeitos do fornecimento de diferentes frações inspiradas de oxigênio em cães anestesiados com infusão contínua de propofol e rocurônio mantidos em ventilação mecânica controlada a pressão sobre os parâmetros respiratórios, hemogasométricos e hemodinâmicos. Foram utilizados 8 cães adultos, os quais foram submetidos a cinco anestesias com propofol (8,8 ± 3,3 mg/kg, seguido de infusão contínua de 0,7 mg/kg/min) e rocurônio (0,6 mg/kg bolus e infusão contínua 0,6 mg/kg/h), sendo que, cada procedimento anestésico foi diferenciado do outro pela FiO2 fornecida ao paciente, permitindo assim, a formação dos grupos: G100 (FiO2=1), G80 (FiO2=0,8), G60 (FiO2=0,6), G40 (FiO2=0,4) e G20 (FiO2=0,21). Os animais foram submetidos à ventilação mecânica no modo pressão controlada. Trinta minutos após a indução anestésica (M0) e a cada 15 minutos, durante um período de 60 minutos (M15, M30, M45 e M60) mensuraram-se os parâmetros. Os dados de cada grupo foram submetidos à Análise de Perfil (p<0,05). Os valores de PaO2, PvO2, SaO2 e SvO2 diminuíram quanto mais baixas foram as FiO2. Houve maiores médias na Rawi e WOB em G60, e de shunt e AaDO2 em G100, G80 e G60. Os cães mantiveram-se hemodinamicamente estáveis em todos os grupos. Concluiu-se que as diferentes FiO2 não alteram as variáveis hemodinâmicas e que o fornecimento de oxigênio a 60%, 80% e 100% deve ser evitado, pois proporciona altos valores de AaDO2 e shunt intrapulmonar. Além disso, verificou-se que FiO2 de 0,4 e 0,21 mantém melhor estabilidade dos parâmetros ventilatórios.The effects of several inspired oxygen fractions (FiO2) on the blood gases, respiratory and hemodynamic parameters in mechanical ventilation dogs anesthetized with continuous infusion of propofol and rocuronium were evaluated. Eight adult dogs were used. Each animal underwent five anesthesia with propofol (8,8 ± 3,3 mg/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0,7 mg/kg/min) and rocuronium (0,6 mg/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0,6 mg/kg/h). In each procedure the patient was allowed to breath a different FiO2, thereby resulting in five groups, namely: G100 (group FiO2 = 1), G80 (groupFiO2 = 0.8), G60 (group FiO2 =0.6), G40 (group FiO2 = 0.4), and G20 (group FiO2 = 0.21). The animals were submitted to pressure-controlled ventilation. The initial measurement (M0) was recorded thirty minutes after the infusion of propofol and rocuronium begun. Additional recordings were performed at 15 minute intervals for 60 minutes (M15, M30, M45 and M60). Numeric data was submitted to Profile Analysis (p<0.05). We recorded significantly lower values of PaO2, PvO2, SaO2 and SvO2 varied according to the higher changes in oxygen. Regarding Rawi and WOB the mean of G60 was greater than other groups. Qs/Qt and AaDO2 of G100, G80 e G60 was higher than other groups. We conclude that FiO2 does not impair hemodynamic parameters and 100%, 80% e 60% oxygen not be used because promote high values of AaDO2 and shunt intrapulmonary. FiO2=0,4 e FiO2=0,21 maintain stability of ventilatory parameters.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Estudo de diferentes frações inspiradas de oxigênio em coelhos induzidos à hipovolemia aguda, anestesiados com propofol e submetidos à ventilação controlada a pressão

Avaliaram-se os efeitos do fornecimento de diferentes frações inspiradas de oxigênio (FiO2) em coelhos hipovolêmicos anestesiados com infusão contínua de propofol e mantidos em ventilação controlada sobre os parâmetros respiratórios, hemogasométricos e hemodinâmicos. Foram utilizados 50 coelhos (Nova Zelândia), pesando 3,5±0,8kg, distribuídos em 5 grupos: G100 (FiO2=1), G80 (FiO2=0,8), G60 (FiO2=0,6), G40 (FiO2=0,4) e G21 (FiO2=0,21), os quais receberam xilazina (1mg/Kg) e cetamina (15mg/Kg) pela via intramuscular. Transcorridos 20 minutos, foi administrado propofol (8mg/kg bolus e 0,5mg/kg/min) e rocurônio (0,6mg/kg bolus e 0,6mg/kg/h). Iniciou-se então, a ventilação mecânica no modo pressão controlada. Após 40 minutos, os animais foram submetidos à hipovolemia aguda, retirando-se sangue arterial (12mL/kg). Os parâmetros foram mensurados 40 minutos após a indução anestésica (M0), dez minutos após a indução da hipovolemia (M1), seguindo-se de novas mensurações a cada dez minutos (M2 a M5). As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância seguida pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Os valores de PaO2, PvO2, SaO2, SvO2, PAO2, AaDO2 diminuíram quanto mais baixas foram as FiO2. Após a indução da hipovolemia, as variáveis DC, PAS, PAD, PAM, PVC, PPC, PaO2, PvO2, SaO2, SvO2 e AaDO2 diminuíram significativamente. Nenhuma alteração foi notada nos parâmetros FC, PaCO2, PvCO2, pHa, pHv, DBa, DBv, HCO3 -a, HCO3 -v, Na+a, Na+v, K+a, K+v, Hta, Htv, Hba, Hbv, Vt e Vm. Conclui-se que as diferentes frações inspiradas de oxigênio não alteram as variáveis hemodinâmicas e que o fornecimento de O2 a 21% deve ser evitado, pois proporciona hipoxemia durante a hipovolemia aguda. Além disso, verificou-se que o oxigênio, quando administrado puro, aumenta o gradiente de tensão do gás entre os alvéolos e o sangue arterial...The effects of several inspired oxygen fractions (FiO2) on the blood gases, respiratory and hemodynamic parameters in mechanical ventilation hypovolemic rabbits anesthetized with continuous infusion of propofol were evaluated. A total of 50 rabbits (New Zealand), weighing 3.5 ± 0.8 kg, were divided into five groups: G100 (FiO2 = 1), G80 (FiO2 = 0.8), G60 (FiO2 = 0.6), G40 ( FiO2 = 0.4) and G21 (FiO2 = 0.21), which received xylazine (1mg/kg) and ketamine (15mg/kg) intramuscularly. Exactly after 20 minutes, was administered propofol (8mg/kg bolus and 0,5mg/kg/min) and rocuronium (0,6mg/kg bolus and 0,6mg/kg/h. Then began mechanical ventilation in controlled pressure mode. After 30 minutes, the animals underwent acute hypovolemia, withdrawing arterial blood (12mL/kg). The parameters were measured 30 minutes after anesthetic induction (T0) and every ten minutes after exsanguination (M1-M7). The variables were subjected to analysis of variance followed by Tukey test (p <0.05). The values of PaO2, PvO2, SaO2, SvO2, PAO2 and AaDO2 decreased as were the lower FiO2. After the induction of hypovolemia, the variables DC, SBP, DBP, MAP, CVP, CPP, PaO2, PvO2, SaO2, SvO2 and AaDO2 decreased significantly. No change was noted in the parameters HR, PaCO2, PvCO2, pHa, pHv, DBa, DBv, the HCO3 -, HCO3 -v, the Na+a, Na+ v, K+a, K+v, Hta, Htv, Hba, Hbv, Vt and Vm. We conclude that several inspired oxygen fractions does not impair hemodynamic parameters and 21% oxygen not be used because promote hypoxemia during acute hypovolemia. It was found that pure oxygen promote high values of AaDO2. Additionally, FiO2 of 0.8 has better stability of ventilatory parameters and adequate gas exchangeFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Diferentes frações inspiradas de oxigênio em coelhos hipovolêmicos anestesiados com propofol e submetidos à ventilação mecânica

Avaliaram-se os efeitos do fornecimento de diferentes frações inspiradas de oxigênio (FiO²) em coelhos hipovolêmicos, anestesiados com infusão contínua de propofol e mantidos em ventilação controlada sobre os parâmetros respiratórios, hemogasométricos e hemodinâmicos. Foram utilizados 50 coelhos (Nova Zelândia), pesando 3,5±0,3kg, distribuídos em 5 grupos: G100 (FiO²=1), G80 (FiO²=0,8), G60 (FiO²=0,6), G40 (FiO²=0,4) e G21 (FiO²=0,21), os quais receberam xilazina (1mg kg-1) e cetamina (15mg kg-1) pela via intramuscular. Transcorridos 20 minutos, foi administrado propofol (8mg kg-1 bolus e 0,5mg kg-1 min-1) e rocurônio (0,6mg kg-1 bolus e 0,6mg kg-1 h-1). Iniciou-se então, a ventilação mecânica no modo pressão controlada. Após 30 minutos, os animais foram submetidos à hipovolemia aguda, retirando-se sangue arterial (12mL kg-1). Os parâmetros foram mensurados 30 minutos após a indução anestésica (M0) e a cada dez minutos depois da exsanguinação (M1- M7). As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância seguida pelo teste de Tukey (P<0,05). Os valores de PaO², SaO², P A O², AaDO² diminuíram quanto mais baixas foram as FiO². Após a indução da hipovolemia, as variáveis DC, PAM, PaO², SaO², Vt, AaDO² diminuíram significativamente. Nenhuma alteração foi notada nos parâmetros FC e PaCO². As FiO² de 0,8 e 1,0 mostraram-se as mais indicadas por manter melhor estabilidade ventilatória e adequada troca gasosa.The effects of several inspired oxygen fractions (FiO²) on the blood gases, respiratory and hemodynamic parameters in mechanical ventilation hypovolemic rabbits anesthetized with continuous infusion of propofol were evaluated. A total of 50 rabbits (New Zealand), weighing 3.5±0.3kg, were divided into five groups: G100 (FiO²=1), G80 (FiO²=0.8), G60 (FiO²=0.6), G40 (FiO²=0.4) and G21 (FiO²=0.21), which received xylazine (1mg kg-1) and ketamine (15mg kg-1) intramuscularly. Exactly after 20 minutes, it was administered propofol (8mg kg-1 bolus and 0.5mg kg-1 min-1) and rocuronium (0.6mg kg-1 bolus and 0.6mg kg-1 h-1. Then, the mechanical ventilation by controlled pressure mode began. After 30 minutes, the animals underwent acute hypovolemia, withdrawing arterial blood (12mL kg-1). The parameters were measured 30 minutes after anesthetic induction (M0) and every ten minutes after exsanguination (M1-M7). The variables were subjected to analysis of variance followed by Tukey test (P<0.05). The values of PaO², SaO², PAO², AaDO² decreased as lower were the FiO². After the induction of hypovolemia, the variables CO, MAP, PaO², SaO², Vt, AaDO² decreased significantly. No change was noted in the parameters HR and PaCO². The FiO² of 0.8 and 1.0 proved to be the most suitable for maintaining stability, better ventilation and adequate gas exchange.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Ovário-histerectomia vídeo-assistida com único portal em cadelas: estudo retrospectivo de 20 casos Single-port video-assisted ovariohysterectomy in bitches: retrospective study of 20 cases

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar retrospectivamente as 20 primeiras ovário-histerectomias vídeo-assistidas com único portal (SPVA-OSH), realizadas por um cirurgião não proficiente nessa técnica. Vinte cadelas foram submetidas à laparoscopia para SPVA-OSH, com o auxílio de um endoscópio de 10mm, com canal de trabalho de 5mm, inserido por um trocarte, posicionado na região pré-púbica, e coagulação bipolar. O tempo cirúrgico médio foi de 22,95&plusmn;5,17 minutos. Os cinco primeiros procedimentos consumiram mais tempo cirúrgico do que os demais. A abordagem aos pedículos ovarianos direito e esquerdo foram as etapas que apresentaram maior tempo de execução. Houve complicação leve ou moderada em seis (30%) das 20 cadelas operadas. As complicações foram: hemorragia leve ou moderada em um dos pedículos ovarianos em quatro (20%) cadelas e hemorragia grave, devido à punção do baço com agulha de Veress em dois (10%) animais. A SPVA-OSH foi realizada em cadelas por um cirurgião no início da curva de aprendizado, sem complicações maiores.The aim of the present study was to evaluate retrospectively the first 20 cases of single-port video-assisted ovariohysterectomy (SPVA-OSH) performed by an inexperienced surgeon. Twenty bitches submitted to SPVA-OSH were assessed. A 10mm operative rigid endoscope with one 5 mm working channel and bipolar coagulation was used. The trocar was positioned in the prepubic area of the abdomen. Surgical time and complication rates were assessed descriptively. Mean surgical time was of 22.95&plusmn;5.17 minutes. Mild or moderate complications were present in six (30%) out of 20 bitches that were operated. The first five surgical procedures spent more time to be performed than the others. The longest transoperative momentum time of execution was spent in the approach to the left and right ovarian pedicles. The complications were: mild or moderate hemorrhage from one of the ovarian pedicles in four bitches (20%) and severe hemorrhage due to accidental puncture of the spleen with Veress needle in two animals (10%). SPVA-OSH was performed in bitches by an inexperienced surgeon, without severe complications

Single-port video-assisted ovariohysterectomy in bitches: retrospective study of 20 cases

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar retrospectivamente as 20 primeiras ovário-histerectomias vídeo-assistidas com único portal (SPVA-OSH), realizadas por um cirurgião não proficiente nessa técnica. Vinte cadelas foram submetidas à laparoscopia para SPVA-OSH, com o auxílio de um endoscópio de 10mm, com canal de trabalho de 5mm, inserido por um trocarte, posicionado na região pré-púbica, e coagulação bipolar. O tempo cirúrgico médio foi de 22,95±5,17 minutos. Os cinco primeiros procedimentos consumiram mais tempo cirúrgico do que os demais. A abordagem aos pedículos ovarianos direito e esquerdo foram as etapas que apresentaram maior tempo de execução. Houve complicação leve ou moderada em seis (30%) das 20 cadelas operadas. As complicações foram: hemorragia leve ou moderada em um dos pedículos ovarianos em quatro (20%) cadelas e hemorragia grave, devido à punção do baço com agulha de Veress em dois (10%) animais. A SPVA-OSH foi realizada em cadelas por um cirurgião no início da curva de aprendizado, sem complicações maiores.The aim of the present study was to evaluate retrospectively the first 20 cases of single-port video-assisted ovariohysterectomy (SPVA-OSH) performed by an inexperienced surgeon. Twenty bitches submitted to SPVA-OSH were assessed. A 10mm operative rigid endoscope with one 5 mm working channel and bipolar coagulation was used. The trocar was positioned in the prepubic area of the abdomen. Surgical time and complication rates were assessed descriptively. Mean surgical time was of 22.95±5.17 minutes. Mild or moderate complications were present in six (30%) out of 20 bitches that were operated. The first five surgical procedures spent more time to be performed than the others. The longest transoperative momentum time of execution was spent in the approach to the left and right ovarian pedicles. The complications were: mild or moderate hemorrhage from one of the ovarian pedicles in four bitches (20%) and severe hemorrhage due to accidental puncture of the spleen with Veress needle in two animals (10%). SPVA-OSH was performed in bitches by an inexperienced surgeon, without severe complications