Cooperation and trust in conversational exchanges

A conversation is more than a series of disconnected remarks because it is conducted against a background presumption of cooperation. But what makes it reasonable to presume that one is engaged in a conversation? What makes it reasonable to presume cooperation? This paper considers Grice’s two ways of answering this question and argues for the one he discarded. It does so by means of considering a certain problem and analysis of trust

The Great Promise of a Community-Engaged Arts Education: Analysis and Recommendations

While facing inequitable and inconsistent levels of support, K-12 arts education in the United States shows great promise in its ability to strengthen community and build social capital. Deepseated ideals of rugged individualism and cultural elitism have complicated these potential rewards as is evident through a brief history of policies impacting arts education across various levels of government. Particular challenges related to access and funding have prevented all schools from offering a quality arts education that is able to incorporate students’ lived experience into the curriculum. Theories of democratic education, critical pedagogy, community cultural development, and creative placemaking are introduced in order to underpin arts education’s capacity toward increasing equity and encouraging revitalization in communities. A new definition of community-engaged arts education is suggested, which emphasizes equitable access and funding while enhancing the ways in which students participate in and connect to the curriculum. This definition further informs a set of recommendations toward future improvements in curriculum design and professional development, community partnerships and collaborative artist residencies, and policy and data reporting at the state and federal levels

Adolescent Vaccination Rates and Pharmacists\u27 Ability to Prescribe and Administer

Vaccines are arguably the most significant advancement in healthcare in the prevention of diseases. The CDC has created a series of recommendations to help guide providers and patients toward a healthier future with vaccines. These recommendations were adopted by the Health People Goals 2020 and 2030 to increase each state\u27s rates of completing specific vaccination series by defined age thresholds. This capstone aims to assess if there is a correlation between vaccination rates and pharmacists; specifically to see if states that give less restrictions about vaccinating would have higher rates. It is also important to see if states with more pharmacists per 100,000 people saw similar increases in vaccines given. The study design is a cross-sectional study using retrospective data reported from each state given to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, and descriptive data from the American Pharmacist Association, APhA. There was no significant difference in vaccination completion regardless of vaccine, state regulations, or the number of pharmacists per state. However, this does not indicate the need for more barriers but rather the need to increase individuals\u27 access to receive vaccines. It is anticipated that more than one state will meet the Healthy People 2030 Goals

Functional Connectivity of the Raphe Nuclei: Link to Tobacco Withdrawal in Smokers.

BackgroundAlthough nicotine alters serotonergic neurochemistry, clinical trials of serotonergic medications for smoking cessation have provided mixed results. Understanding the role of serotonergic dysfunction in tobacco use disorder may advance development of novel pharmacotherapies.MethodsFunctional magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure resting-state functional connectivity of the raphe nuclei as an indicator of serotonergic function. Connectivity of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei was compared between 18 young smokers (briefly abstinent, ~40 minutes post-smoking) and 19 young nonsmokers (16-21 years old); connectivity was also examined in a separate sample of overnight-abstinent smokers (18-25 years old), before and after smoking the first cigarette of the day. Relationships between connectivity of the raphe nuclei with psychological withdrawal and craving were tested in smokers.ResultsConnectivity of the median raphe nucleus with the right hippocampal complex was weaker in smokers than in nonsmokers and was negatively correlated with psychological withdrawal in smokers. In overnight-abstinent smokers, smoking increased connectivity of the median raphe nucleus with the right hippocampal complex, and the increase was positively correlated with the decrease in psychological withdrawal.ConclusionsRelief of withdrawal due to smoking is potentially linked to the serotonergic pathway that includes the median raphe nucleus and hippocampal complex. These results suggest that serotonergic medications may be especially beneficial for smokers who endorse strong psychological withdrawal during abstinence from smoking

The attitude of trust is basic

Most philosophical discussion of trust focuses on the three-place trust predicate: X trusting Y to φ. This article argues that it is the one-place and two-place predicates – X is trusting, and X trusting Y – that are fundamental

Have applications of continuous rainfall-runoff simulation realized the vision for process-based flood frequency analysis?

Keith Beven was amongst the first to propose and demonstrate a combination of conceptual rainfall–runoff modelling and stochastically generated rainfall data in what is known as the ‘continuous simulation’ approach for flood frequency analysis. The motivations included the potential to establish better links with physical processes and to avoid restrictive assumptions inherent in existing methods applied in design flood studies. Subsequently, attempts have been made to establish continuous simulation as a routine method for flood frequency analysis, particularly in the UK. The approach has not been adopted universally, but numerous studies have benefitted from applications of continuous simulation methods. This paper asks whether industry has yet realized the vision of the pioneering research by Beven and others. It reviews the generic methodology and illustrates applications of the original vision for a more physically realistic approach to flood frequency analysis through a set of practical case studies, highlighting why continuous simulation was useful and appropriate in each case. The case studies illustrate how continuous simulation has helped to offer users of flood frequency analysis more confidence about model results by avoiding (or exposing) bad assumptions relating to catchment heterogeneity, inappropriateness of assumptions made in (UK) industrystandard design event flood estimation methods, and the representation of engineered or natural dynamic controls on flood flows. By implementing the vision for physically realistic analysis of flood frequency through continuous simulation, each of these examples illustrates how more relevant and improved information was provided for flood risk decision-making than would have been possible using standard methods. They further demonstrate that integrating engineered infrastructure into flood frequency analysis and assessment of environmental change are also significant motivations for adopting the continuous simulation approach in practic

Cinema, popular entertainment, literature and television

This is an attempt to analyze the relationship between spanish cinema and the popular culture and entertainment through its history