Неоднородность пластических деформаций оливина в ультрамафитах Байкало-Муйского офиолитового пояса (северо-восточное Прибайкалье)

Актуальность работы. Постоянно устанавливаемые признаки пластического течения в ультрамафитах предопределили подход к их изучению, как к метаморфическим породам, с применением нетрадиционного метода петроструктурного анализа. Использование этого метода позволяет реконструировать хронологическую последовательность процессов формирования и пластического деформирования ультрамафитов на уровнях верхняя мантия - земная кора, выявить общую направленность структурно-вещественной эволюции и решить ряд актуальных проблем их минерагении. Цель работы: по результатам выявленной микроструктурной неоднородности дунитов и гарцбургитов, типизации их микроструктур, оценки температур оливин-хромшпинелиевых равновесий и петроструктурного анализа оливина предложить сценарий структурной эволюции ультрамафитов Парамского и Шаманского массива Байкало-Муйского офиолитового пояса на уровнях верхняя мантия - земная кора. Методы исследования. Детальное петрографическое изучение ультрамафитов проводилось на поляризационном микроскопе AxioScope-40 фирмы Carl Zeiss, что позволило провести микроструктурную типизацию дунитов и гарцбургитов. Их типизация основана на морфологических особенностях оливина и была разработана многими исследователями. Количественная оценка деформационных микроструктур оливина в изученных ультрамафитах проводилась с использованием метода стереометрической металлографии. Микроструктурный анализ оливина является неотъемлемой частью петроструктурного изучения ультрамафитов. Он позволяет установить предпочтительные ориентировки минералов по внутреннему строению, которые, в свою очередь, являются отражением термодинамических условий их пластических деформаций. Вещественный состав оливинов и хромшпинелидов установлен на основании микрорентгеноспектральных определений, выполненных в Институте нефтегазовой геологии и геофизики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук (г. Новосибирск) на микроанализаторе «Camebax». Расчет температурных равновесий проводился с использованием оливин-хромшпинелиевого геотермометра Фабри по вещественному составу сосуществующих оливина и хромшпинелида. Результаты. Для дунитов и гарцбургитов Парамского и Шаманского массивов Байкало-Муйского офиолитового пояса на оригинальном материале проведена идентификация деформационных микроструктур оливина. Они объединены в шесть типов: протогранулярный, мезогранулярный, порфирокластовый, порфиролейстовый, мозаичный (мозаично-лейстовый) и мозаично-паркетовидный. Пространственное распределение выделенных микроструктур в изученных массивах от центра к периферии характеризуется тенденцией уменьшения размера зерен в породах, показывает возрастание степени их пластического деформирования и отражает динамометаморфическую зональность. Петроструктурный анализ оливина в выделенных микроструктурных типах позволил установить термодинамические условия их реализации. Они фиксируют регрессивную направленность метаморфических преобразований ультрамафитов высокотемпературными пластическими деформациями, синтектонической рекристаллизацией и вторичной рекристаллизацией отжига в процессе формирования, перемещения и консолидации ультрамафитов в верхней мантии и земной коре. Установленная эволюция микроструктур оливина отражает рубежи многократно наложенных пластических деформаций, которые при благоприятных условиях могут быть определяющими в локализации хромита, хризотил-асбеста, нефрита, жадеита среди ультрамафитов из офиолитовых комплексов.Relevance of the research. Permanently identified signs of plastic flow in ultramafic rocks predetermined an approach to their study as metamorphic rocks. This approach uses non-traditional method of the petrofabric analysis. This method allows reconstructing the chronological sequence of formation and plastic deformation of ultramafic rocks in the upper mantle-crust, revealing the general trend of structural and matter evolution, and solving a number of urgent problems of the ultramafic mineral genesis. The aim of the study is to develop a scenario of the structural evolution of the Paramsky and Shamansky ultramafic massifs of Baikal-Muya ophiolite belt at the upper mantle-crust levels through the dunite and harzburgite microstructural heterogeneity, typing their microstructures, calculating olivine-chromospinelide thermal equilibrium, and olivine petrofabric analysis. Methods. The detailed petrographic characteristics of ultramafic rocks were performed by the polarizing microscope AxioScope-40 (Carl Zeiss). This study allowed carrying out microstructural typification of dunites and harzburgites. It was based on the morphological features of olivine and it was developed by many researchers. Quantification of deformation microstructures in olivine of ultramafic rocks was studied using the stereometric metallography. Microstructural analysis of olivine is an integral part of the petrofabric study of the ultramafic rocks. It allows determining the preferred orientation of minerals in the internal structure, which in their turn is a reflection of the thermodynamic conditions of their plastic deformation. The olivine and chromospinelide matter composition was determined using micro X-ray spectrum, obtained by microanalyser «Camebax» in the Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk). The thermal equilibrium was calculated using olivine-chromospinelide Fabry geothermometer on the matter composition of coexisting olivine and chromospinelide. Results. The research provided the identification of the deformation microstructures of olivine for dunites and harzburgites of the Paramsky and Shamansky ultramafic massifs of the Baikal-Muya ophiolite belt. They are grouped into six types: protogranular, mesogranular porphyroclastic, porphyrolath, mosaic (mosaic-lath), mosaic-parquet-like. The spatial distribution of the allocated microstruct ures in the studied massifs from the сenter to the periphery is characterized by reducing the grain size in the rocks. This feature shows the increase in their plastic deformation degree and reflects the dynamometamorphiс zoning. The petrofabric analysis of the olivine in the identified microstructural types allowed determining thermodynamic conditions of their realization. These microstructures reflect a regressive trend of metamorphic transformations of the ultramafic rocks by high-temperature plastic deformations, syntectonic recrystallization, an d secondary annealing recrystallization in formation, transformation and consolidation in the upper mantle - earthґs crust. The identified evolution of the olivine microstructures reflects the limits of repeatedly overlaid plastic deformations, which can be decisive in l ocalization of chromite, chrysotile asbestos, jade, and jadeite within ultramafic rocks of ophiolite complexes under favorable conditions

Aprotinin reduces cardiac troponin I release and inhibits apoptosis of polymorphonuclear cells during off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery

Objectives: In addition to blood-sparing effects, aprotinin may have cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects during cardiopulmonary bypass-assisted cardiac surgery. In this study, the authors examined whether aprotinin had cardioprotective and/or anti-inflammatory effects in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Design: A prospective randomized clinical trial. Setting: University hospital. Participants: Fifty patients were randomized to control (n = 25) or aprotinin treatment (n = 25) groups. Interventions: Aprotinin was given as a loading dose (2 x 10(6) KIU) followed by a continuous infusion at 5 x 10(5) KIU/h until skin closure. Measurements and Main Results: Blood samples for cardiac troponin I; interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and interleukin-10; tumor necrosis factor a; and elastase were taken after anesthesia induction, completion of revascularization, and 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours after revascularization. Blood samples were taken to assess for apoptosis in polymorphonuclear cells. Baseline plasma levels for cardiac troponin I did not differ between groups but were significantly lower in aprotinin-treated patients at the time of revascularization (P = 0.03) and 6 hours (p = 0.004) and 24 hours (p = 0.03) later. Aprotinin significantly reduced apoptosis in polymorphonuclear cells compared with control-treated patients (p = 0.04). There were no differences in plasma cytokine or elastase levels between groups. Conclusions: The authors conclude that aprotinin reduces perioperative cardiac troponin I release and attenuates apoptosis in polymorphonuclear cells but has no significant effects on plasma cytokine levels in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery

European Association of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (EACTAIC) Fellowship Curriculum: Second Edition

This document represents the first update of the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia Fellowship Curriculum of the European Association of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. After obtaining feedback from exit interviews with fellows in training, graduate fellows, and program directors, 2 modified online Delphi procedures with questionnaires were conducted. A consensus was reached when two-thirds of responding committee members gave green or yellow ratings on a traffic light system, and >70% indicated strong agreement or agreement on a 5-point Likert scale. The new regulations include the following: (1) more flexibility in the fellows` rotation, as long as the total number of days, rotations, and cases are completed during the training year; (2) recommendation for strict compliance with national working-time guidelines; (3) no extension of fellowship training to compensate for annual and/or sick leave, unless the required minimum number of cases and rotations are not reached; (4) interruption of fellowship training for >12 months is allowed for personal or medical reasons; (5) introduction of a checklist for quantitative assessment of standard clinical skills; (6) recommendations for a uniform structure of exit interviews; (7) possibility of a 1-month training rotation in a postanesthesia care unit instead of an intensive care unit; and (8) provided all other requirements have been met, the allowance of progression from the basic training year to the advanced fellowship training year without first passing the transesophageal echocardiography examination

Проблемы формирования государственной экологической политики в условиях ограниченности ресурсов

Проблема ограниченности ресурсов является основой развития экономики. Однако также ограниченность оказывает влияние и на экологическую политику в стране. В статье рассмотрены ключевые механизмы формирования государственной экологической политики, экологического менеджмента; предложены пути повышения эффективности экологической политики.The problem of limited resources is the basis for economic development. However, the limited nature also influences the environmental policy in the country. The article considers the key mechanisms for the formation of state environmental policy, environmental management; ways to improve the effectiveness of environmental policy

The state of the Martian climate

60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981–2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes

European Association of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (EACTAIC) Fellowship Curriculum: Second Edition.

International audienceThis document represents the first update of the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia Fellowship Curriculum of the European Association of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. After obtaining feedback from exit interviews with fellows in training, graduate fellows, and program directors, 2 modified online Delphi procedures with questionnaires were conducted. A consensus was reached when two-thirds of responding committee members gave green or yellow ratings on a traffic light system, and >70% indicated strong agreement or agreement on a 5-point Likert scale. The new regulations include the following: (1) more flexibility in the fellows` rotation, as long as the total number of days, rotations, and cases are completed during the training year; (2) recommendation for strict compliance with national working-time guidelines; (3) no extension of fellowship training to compensate for annual and/or sick leave, unless the required minimum number of cases and rotations are not reached; (4) interruption of fellowship training for >12 months is allowed for personal or medical reasons; (5) introduction of a checklist for quantitative assessment of standard clinical skills; (6) recommendations for a uniform structure of exit interviews; (7) possibility of a 1-month training rotation in a postanesthesia care unit instead of an intensive care unit; and (8) provided all other requirements have been met, the allowance of progression from the basic training year to the advanced fellowship training year without first passing the transesophageal echocardiography examination

European Association of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia Fellowship Curriculum:First Edition

International audiencePediatric cardiac anesthesia is a subspecialty of cardiac and pediatric anesthesiology dedicated to the perioperative care of patients with congenital heart disease. Members of the Congenital and Education Subcommittees of the European Association of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (EACTAIC) agreed on the necessity to develop an EACTAIC pediatric cardiac anesthesia fellowship curriculum. This manuscript represents a consensus on the composition and the design of the EACTAIC Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia Fellowship program. This curriculum provides a basis for the training of future pediatric cardiac anesthesiologists by clearly defining the theoretical and practical requirements for fellows and host centers

The creatine kinase pathway is a metabolic vulnerability in EVI1-positive acute myeloid leukemia

Expression of the MECOM (also known as EVI1) proto-oncogene is deregulated by chromosomal translocations in some cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is associated with poor clinical outcome. Here, through transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling of hematopoietic cells, we reveal that EVI1 overexpression alters cellular metabolism. A screen using pooled short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) identified the ATP-buffering, mitochondrial creatine kinase CKMT1 as necessary for survival of EVI1-expressing cells in subjects with EVI1-positive AML. EVI1 promotes CKMT1 expression by repressing the myeloid differentiation regulator RUNX1. Suppression of arginine-creatine metabolism by CKMT1-directed shRNAs or by the small molecule cyclocreatine selectively decreased the viability, promoted the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of human EVI1-positive cell lines, and prolonged survival in both orthotopic xenograft models and mouse models of primary AML. CKMT1 inhibition altered mitochondrial respiration and ATP production, an effect that was abrogated by phosphocreatine-mediated reactivation of the arginine-creatine pathway. Targeting CKMT1 is thus a promising therapeutic strategy for this EVI1-driven AML subtype that is highly resistant to current treatment regimens. Keywords: AML; RUNX1; CKMT1; cyclocreatine; arginine metabolismNational Cancer Institute (U.S.) (NIH 1R35 CA210030-01)Stand Up To CancerBridge ProjectNational Cancer Institute (U.S.) (David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT. Grant P30-CA14051

Patient Retention and Adherence to Antiretrovirals in a Large Antiretroviral Therapy Program in Nigeria: A Longitudinal Analysis for Risk Factors

Substantial resources and patient commitment are required to successfully scale-up antiretroviral therapy (ART) and provide appropriate HIV management in resource-limited settings. We used pharmacy refill records to evaluate risk factors for loss to follow-up (LTFU) and non-adherence to ART in a large treatment cohort in Nigeria.We reviewed clinic records of adult patients initiating ART between March 2005 and July 2006 at five health facilities. Patients were classified as LTFU if they did not return >60 days from their expected visit. Pharmacy refill rates were calculated and used to assess non-adherence. We identified risk factors associated with LTFU and non-adherence using Cox and Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) regressions, respectively. Of 5,760 patients initiating ART, 26% were LTFU. Female gender (p < 0.001), post-secondary education (p = 0.03), and initiating treatment with zidovudine-containing (p = 0.004) or tenofovir-containing (p = 0.05) regimens were associated with decreased risk of LTFU, while patients with only primary education (p = 0.02) and those with baseline CD4 counts (cell/ml(3)) >350 and <100 were at a higher risk of LTFU compared to patients with baseline CD4 counts of 100-200. The adjusted GEE analysis showed that patients aged <35 years (p = 0.005), who traveled for >2 hours to the clinic (p = 0.03), had total ART duration of >6 months (p<0.001), and CD4 counts >200 at ART initiation were at a higher risk of non-adherence. Patients who disclosed their HIV status to spouse/family (p = 0.01) and were treated with tenofovir-containing regimens (p < or = 0.001) were more likely to be adherent.These findings formed the basis for implementing multiple pre-treatment visit preparation that promote disclosure and active community outreaching to support retention and adherence. Expansion of treatment access points of care to communities to diminish travel time may have a positive impact on adherence

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Air and on Surfaces in Rooms of Infected Nursing Home Residents

There is an ongoing debate on airborne transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a risk factor for infection. In this study, the level of SARS-CoV-2 in air and on surfaces of SARS-CoV-2 infected nursing home residents was assessed to gain insight in potential transmission routes. During outbreaks, air samples were collected using three different active and one passive air sampling technique in rooms of infected patients. Oropharyngeal swabs (OPS) of the residents and dry surface swabs were collected. Additionally, longitudinal passive air samples were collected during a period of 4 months in common areas of the wards. Presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was determined using RT-qPCR, targeting the RdRp- and E-genes. OPS, samples of two active air samplers and surface swabs with Ct-value ≤35 were tested for the presence of infectious virus by cell culture. In total, 360 air and 319 surface samples from patient rooms and common areas were collected. In rooms of 10 residents with detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in OPS, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 93 of 184 collected environmental samples (50.5%) (lowest Ct 29.5), substantially more than in the rooms of residents with negative OPS on the day of environmental sampling (n = 2) (3.6%). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was most frequently present in the larger particle size fractions [>4 μm 60% (6/10); 1-4 μm 50% (5/10); <1 μm 20% (2/10)] (Fischer exact test P = 0.076). The highest proportion of RNA-positive air samples on room level was found with a filtration-based sampler 80% (8/10) and the cyclone-based sampler 70% (7/10), and impingement-based sampler 50% (5/10). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 10 out of 12 (83%) passive air samples in patient rooms. Both high-touch and low-touch surfaces contained SARS-CoV-2 genome in rooms of residents with positive OPS [high 38% (21/55); low 50% (22/44)]. In one active air sample, infectious virus in vitro was detected. In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 is frequently detected in air and on surfaces in the immediate surroundings of room-isolated COVID-19 patients, providing evidence of environmental contamination. The environmental contamination of SARS-CoV-2 and infectious aerosols confirm the potential for transmission via air up to several meters