Emoción y desarrollo evolutivo: Infancia, adolescencia y vejez

As old as the existence of living beings are the adaptive mechanisms which served to evolve and survive. With the appearance of the reptilian brain, the first emotions arise and since then, the emotional processes have been linked to brain development, increasing in degree and sophistication as species evolve. The maximal expression of emotional development can be found in humans, in which emotions have been considered as central in the growth process. In fact, the balance and the maturation of the connections between the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system determine the emotional experiences in the different stages of life. Taking healthy adult population (without pathologies) as group of comparison, our goal was to perform a literature review of recent experimental research to illustrate the existence of differences and/or similarities in both the expression and emotional experiences in the main evolutionary stages in human beings: childhood, adolescence and old age. In general, the analysis of the experimental literature shows a predisposition to negative emotions in the first months of life and a trend towards positive emotional experiences in old age. On the other hand, adolescence is a period characterized by a great emotional distress. Finally, this essay explores the relationship of the experience and the emotional expression of these stages with the maturation process of the central nervous system.Tan antiguos como la existencia de los seres vivos son los mecanismos de adaptación que les han servido para evolucionar y sobrevivir. Con la aparición del cerebro reptiliano surgieron las primeras emociones y, desde entonces, los procesos emocionales han estado ligados al desarrollo cerebral, aumentando en grado y sofisticación según evolucionaban las especies. La máxima expresión del desarrollo emocional la podemos encontrar en el ser humano, en el que se ha demostrado cómo las emociones son fundamentales en su proceso de crecimiento. De hecho, el equilibrio y la maduración de las conexiones entre el córtex prefrontal y el sistema límbico condicionan la vivencia emocional en las distintas etapas de la vida de las personas. Tomando como «grupo control» la población adulta (con ausencia de patologías), nuestro objetivo es realizar una revisión bibliográfica de trabajos experimentales recientes para ilustrar la existencia de diferencias y/o semejanzas en la expresión y la experiencia emocional en las principales etapas evolutivas del ser humano: infancia, adolescencia y vejez. En general, la mayoría de trabajos experimentales analizados indican una predisposición a experimentar emociones negativas en los primeros meses de vida y una tendencia hacia las experiencias emocionales positivas en la vejez. Por otro lado, la adolescencia se caracteriza, fundamentalmente, por ser una etapa de gran desequilibrio emocional. Finalmente, en el presente trabajo se estudiará la relación de la experiencia y la expresión emocional propias de estas etapas con el proceso de maduración del sistema nervioso central

LES Eulerian diffuse-interface modeling of fuel dense sprays near- and far-field

[EN] Engine fuel spray modeling still remains a challenge, especially in the dense near-nozzle region. This region is difficult to experimentally access and also to model due to the complex and rapid liquid and gas interaction. Modeling approaches based on Lagrangian particle tracking have failed in this area, while Eulerian modeling has proven to be particularly useful. Interface resolved methods are still limited to primary atomization academic configurations due to excessive computational requirements. To overcome those limitations, the single-fluid diffuse interface model known as Sigma-Y, arises as a single-framework for spray simulations. Under the assumption of scale separation at high Reynolds and Weber numbers, liquid dispersion is modeled as turbulent mixing of a variable density flow. The concept of surface area density is used for representing liquid structures, regardless of the complexity of the interface. In this work, a LES based implementation of the Sigma-Y model in the OpenFOAM CFD library is applied to simulate the ECN Spray A configuration. Model assessment is performed for both near- and far-field spray development regions using different experimental diagnostics available from ECN database. The CFD model is able to capture near-nozzle fuel mass distribution and, after Sigma equation constant calibration, interfacial surface area. Accurate predictions of spray far-field evolution in terms of liquid and vapor tip penetration and local velocity can be simultaneously achieved. Model accuracy is lower when compared to mixture fraction axial evolution, despite radial distribution profiles are well captured.This work was partially funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad within the frame of the CHEST (TRA2017-89139-C2-1-R) project. The computations were partially performed on the Tirant III cluster of the Servei d'Informatica of the University of Valencia (vlc38-FI-2018-2-0006). Authors acknowledge the computer resources at Picasso and the technical support provided by Universidad de Malaga (UMA) (RES-FI-2018-1-0039).Desantes Fernández, JM.; García-Oliver, JM.; Pastor Enguídanos, JM.; Olmeda-Ramiro, I.; Pandal, A.; Naud, B. (2020). LES Eulerian diffuse-interface modeling of fuel dense sprays near- and far-field. International Journal of Multiphase Flow. 127:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2020.103272S113127Andreini, A., Bianchini, C., Puggelli, S., & Demoulin, F. X. (2016). Development of a turbulent liquid flux model for Eulerian–Eulerian multiphase flow simulations. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 81, 88-103. doi:10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2016.02.003Anez, J., Ahmed, A., Hecht, N., Duret, B., Reveillon, J., & Demoulin, F. X. (2019). 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Development of cross-protective Eimeria-vectored vaccines based on apical membrane antigens

Recently, the availability of protocols supporting genetic complementation of Eimeria has raised the prospect of generating transgenic parasite lines which can function as vaccine vectors, expressing and delivering heterologous proteins. Complementation with sequences encoding immunoprotective antigens from other Eimeria spp. offers an opportunity to reduce the complexity of species/strains in anticoccidial vaccines. Herein, we characterise and evaluate EtAMA1 and EtAMA2, two members of the apical membrane antigen (AMA) family of parasite surface proteins from Eimeria tenella. Both proteins are stage-regulated, and the sporozoite-specific EtAMA1 is effective at inducing partial protection against homologous challenge with E. tenella when used as a recombinant protein vaccine, whereas the merozoite-specific EtAMA2 is not. In order to test the ability of transgenic parasites to confer heterologous protection, E. tenella parasites were complemented with EmAMA1, the sporozoite-specific orthologue of EtAMA1 from E. maxima, coupled with different delivery signals to modify its trafficking and improve antigen exposure to the host immune system. Vaccination of chickens using these transgenic parasites conferred partial protection against E. maxima challenge, with levels of efficacy comparable to those obtained using recombinant protein or DNA vaccines. In the present work we provide evidence for the first known time of the ability of transgenic Eimeria to induce cross protection against different Eimeria spp. Genetically complemented Eimeria provide a powerful tool to streamline the complex multi-valent anticoccidial vaccine formulations that are currently available in the market by generating parasite lines expressing vaccine targets from multiple eimerian species

Formation and emission properties of single InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots and pairs grown by droplet epitaxy

Trabajo presentado a la 30th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors, celebrada en Seul (Korea) del 25 al 30 de Julio de 2010.The emission properties of lateral and vertical QD pairs grown on GaAs nanoholes are investigated. Vertical QD pairs with different size asymmetry have been fabricated controlling the bottom QD size independently of the areal density. The emission of individual pairs is dominated by spectral diffusion effects and charge instabilities induced by the local charge environment. Lateral QD pairs have been fabricated on GaAs nanoholes and studied as a function of an electric field applied in the growth plane.Peer Reviewe

Purcell Enhancement and Wavelength Shift of Emitted Light by CsPbI3 Perovskite Nanocrystals Coupled to Hyperbolic Metamaterials

Manipulation of the exciton emission rate in nanocrystals of lead halide perovskites (LHPs) was demonstrated by means of coupling of excitons with a hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM) consisting of alternating thin metal (Ag) and dielectric (LiF) layers. Such a coupling is found to induce an increase of the exciton radiative recombination rate by more than a factor of three due to the Purcell effect when the distance between the quantum emitter and HMM is nominally as small as 10 nm, which coincides well with the results of our theoretical analysis. Besides, an effect of the coupling-induced long wavelength shift of the exciton emission spectrum is detected and modeled. These results can be of interest for quantum information applications of single emitters on the basis of perovskite nanocrystals with high photon emission rates

INSOCTEA. Innovación metodológica del Teatro Social para el aprendizaje de la Ciencias Sociales en el aula 2018-2019

El proyecto “INSOCTEA. Innovación metodológica del Teatro Social para el aprendizaje de las Ciencias Sociales en el aula” plantea dotar de un marco científico a un proceso metodológico de aprendizaje que se inicia y experimenta n el curso 2016 - 2017. En los cursos 2017-18 y 18-19 en el Aula-Laboratorio de Teatro Social de la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología se ha desarrollado esta herramienta, junto a un seminario de lecturas sobre teatro y sociología

Dexamethasone PLGA Microspheres for Sub-Tenon Administration: Influence of Sterilization and Tolerance Studies

Many diseases affecting the posterior segment of the eye require repeated intravitreal injections with corticosteroids in chronic treatments. The periocular administration is a less invasive route attracting considerable attention for long-term therapies. In the present work, dexamethasone-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microspheres (Dx-MS) were prepared using the oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion solvent evaporation technique. MS were characterized in terms of mean particle size and particle size distribution, external morphology, polymer integrity, drug content, and in vitro release profiles. MS were sterilized by gamma irradiation (25 kGy), and dexamethasone release profiles from sterilized and non-sterilized microspheres were compared by means of the similarity factor (f2). The mechanism of drug release before and after irradiation exposure of Dx-MS was identified using appropriate mathematical models. Dexamethasone release was sustained in vitro for 9 weeks. The evaluation of the in vivo tolerance was carried out in rabbit eyes, which received a sub-Tenon injection of 5 mg of sterilized Dx-MS (20–53 µm size containing 165.6 ± 3.6 µg Dx/mg MS) equivalent to 828 µg of Dx. No detectable increase in intraocular pressure was reported, and clinical and histological analysis of the ocular tissues showed no adverse events up to 6 weeks after the administration. According to the data presented in this work, the sub-Tenon administration of Dx-MS could be a promising alternative to successive intravitreal injections for the treatment of chronic diseases of the back of the eye

Recombinant anticoccidial vaccines - a cup half full?

Eimeria species parasites can cause the disease coccidiosis, most notably in chickens. The occurrence of coccidiosis is currently controlled through a combination of good husbandry, chemoprophylaxis and/or live parasite vaccination; however, scalable, cost-effective subunit or recombinant vaccines are required. Many antigens have been proposed for use in novel anticoccidial vaccines, supported by the capacity to reduce disease severity or parasite replication, increase body weight gain in the face of challenge or improve feed conversion under experimental conditions, but none has reached commercial development. Nonetheless, the protection against challenge induced by some antigens has been within the lower range described for the ionophores against susceptible isolates or current live vaccines prior to oocyst recycling. With such levels of efficacy it may be that combinations of anticoccidial antigens already described are sufficient for development as novel multi-valent vaccines, pending identification of optimal delivery systems. Selection of the best antigens to be included in such vaccines can be informed by knowledge defining the natural occurrence of specific antigenic diversity, with relevance to the risk of immediate vaccine breakthrough, and the rate at which parasite genomes can evolve new diversity. For Eimeria, such data are now becoming available for antigens such as apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) and immune mapped protein 1 (IMP1) and more are anticipated as high-capacity, high-throughput sequencing technologies become increasingly accessible