CULTURE COMPONENTS AS A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT SYMPOSIUM, 1960

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71411/1/j.1939-0025.1961.tb02150.x.pd

Low-power Programmable Processor for Fast Fourier Transform Based on Transport Triggered Architecture

This paper describes a low-power processor tailored for fast Fourier transform computations where transport triggering template is exploited. The processor is software-programmable while retaining an energy-efficiency comparable to existing fixed-function implementations. The power savings are achieved by compressing the computation kernel into one instruction word. The word is stored in an instruction loop buffer, which is more power-efficient than regular instruction memory storage. The processor supports all power-of-two FFT sizes from 64 to 16384 and given 1 mJ of energy, it can compute 20916 transforms of size 1024.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, ICASSP 2019 conferenc

Relating descriptors of the Finnish school scale to the CEF overall scales for communicative activities

Peer reviewe

Efficiency and costs of payments: some new evidence from Finland

This paper deals with optimal payment systems. The issue boils down to how large are the costs of different payment media, which can be interpreted as a question of the efficiency of the means of payment. However, there are other qualifications related to the choice of payment media. Here, at least three issues can be distinguished. First is the question of optimal payment medium for each individual payment (size, location, EFTPOS etc.). This choice is not independent of the individual characteristics of the payer and payee. Secondly, there is the question of cost effectiveness of payments for different institutions and sectors. The final issue concerns the social optimum for each payment medium. These issues have been particularly controversial in the case of cash, which is still the dominant payment medium in most euro countries. Part of the controversy arises from the fact that the costs and benefits of different payment media affect different market participants in quite different ways, so that a possible social optimum might not correspond eg to the optima for different firms. The paper contains a short review of calculation methods and empirical results for a sample of countries. It also provides new evidence from Finland, which is to an extent one of the front-runners in payment technology and institutional design in payment systems. This shows up in relatively low overall costs of payments. Our estimate of total costs of payment media is 0.3 per cent of GDP, which is very low by international standards.payment media; cash; payment systems; costs of payments

USING THE METHOD OF NARRATIVE CHANGE ACCOUNTING IN THE RESEARCH OF A LARGE FOREST INDUSTRY COMPANY. POWER AND CHANGE IN FOCUS

The aim of the study was to analyze the use of power in a strategic change process within a large forest industry company. The organization in question had a total of 7 700 employees, 6–8 organizational levels, over 30 production units and a widespread international sales network.

Private Indebtedness and the Banking Crisis in Finland

In Finland the private sector borrowing started to rise rapidly in conjunction with the liberalization of capital movements and deregulation of the domestic financial sector during the second half of the 1980s. The financial deregulation coincided with and amplified an economic boom marked by favourable income expectations, loose fiscal policy associated with improved terms of trade and anticipated reduction in income tax rates. All these factors contributed to the overheating of the Finnish economy that finally turned into a severe recession in the beginning of 1990s. The reaction of households to financial deregulation in Finland was similar to that in the other Nordic countries. As in Norway and Sweden, household indebtedness started to rise in the mid-1980s, after the abolishment of lending rate regulations and prior savings requirements for housing loans. Measured by the ratio of household debt to annual disposable income, household indebtedness peaked in 1990 at more than 80 per cent of annual disposable income. Since then, it has fallen slightly. Debt financing in the corporate sector started to increase rapidly in conjunction with the liberalization of capital movements, which enabled firms also in the domestic sector to raise loans in foreign currencies. During the 1980s debt financing grew most in the real estate business, construction and services. Despite increased borrowing, the debt with respect to equity of Finnish firms did not rise significantly until 1990–91, because a large part of the debt growth was matched by increases in corporate earnings and equity values during the late 1980s. Recession turned the situation for the worse as corporate earnings and the market value of assets plummeted. High indebtedness and overcapacity especially in the domestic sector will require several years of adjusting.banking crisis; indebtedness

Bankruptcies, Indebtedness and the Credit Crunch

This paper deals with Finnish bankruptcies. It shows that bankruptcies are strongly related to the business cycle and that they are perhaps even more strongly related to indebtedness, real interest rates and asset prices. The importance of these financial factors probably increased when the financial markets were liberalized in the early 1980s. Although there is a lot of seasonal and cyclical variation in bankruptcies the long run level (especially when adjusted to the number of firms) is almost constant representing some sort of "a natural rate of bankruptcies". What makes bankruptcies so important is the fact that they directly affect production, employment and credit expansion. The credit crunch effect in particular is scrutinized in the paper.bankruptcies; indebtedness; credit crunch; business cycle

Cardiac exercise studies with bioelectromagnetic mapping

Bioelectric currents in the heart give rise to differences in electric potential in the body and on its surface. The currents also induce a magnetic field within and outside the thorax. Recording of the electric potential on the surface of the body, electrocardiography (ECG), is a well established clinical tool for detecting insufficient perfusion of blood, i.e., ischemia during exercise testing. In a more recent technique, magnetocardiography (MCG), the cardiac magnetic field is recorded in the vicinity of the chest. Despite the clinical significance of the exercise ECG recordings in patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD), little is known about the effect of stress in the MCG of healthy subjects and patients with CAD. Methods for analysing multichannel MCG signals, recorded during physical exercise testing, were developed in this thesis. They were applied to data recorded in healthy subjects to clarify the normal response to exercise in the MCG, and to data of patients with CAD to detect exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. Together with the MCG, spatially extensive ECG, i.e., body surface potential mapping (BSPM) was studied and the exercise-induced alterations in the two mappings were compared. In healthy volunteers, exercise was found to induce more extensive alterations in the MCG than in the BSPM during the ventricular repolarisation. In patients with CAD, when optimal recording locations were found and evaluated, alterations of the ST segment in the MCG could be used as indicators of ischemia. Also, ischemia was found to induce a rotation of magnetic field maps (MFMs) which illustrate the spatial MCG signal distribution. The MFM orientation could successfully be used as a parameter for ischemia detection. In the BSPM, regions sensitive to ischemia-induced ST segment depression, ST segment elevation, and ST segment slope decrease were identified. An analysis method was also developed for monitoring the development of the MCG and the BSPM distributions. It enables examination of different features of the MCG and the BSPM signals as a function of time or the heart rate. In this thesis, the method was used for quantifying exercise-induced change in the orientation of MFMs. Adjustment of the orientation change with the corresponding alteration of the heart rate was found to improve ischemia detection by the exercise MCG. When data recorded during the recovery period of exercise testing were evaluated with similar type of analysis methods, the MCG showed better performance in ischemia detection than the simultanously recorded 12-lead ECG.reviewe