Improved multidetector asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation method for particle sizing and concentration measurements of lipid-based nanocarriers for RNA delivery

Lipid-based nanoparticles for RNA delivery (LNP-RNA) are revolutionizing the nanomedicine field, with one approved gene therapy formulation and two approved vaccines against COVID-19, as well as multiple ongoing clinical trials. As for other innovative nanopharmaceuticals (NPhs), the advancement of robust methods to assess their quality and safety profiles—in line with regulatory needs—is critical for facilitating their development and clinical translation. Asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation coupled to multiple online optical detectors (MD-AF4) is considered a very versatile and robust approach for the physical characterisation of nanocarriers, and has been used successfully for measuring particle size, polydispersity and physical stability of lipid-based systems, including liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles. However, the unique core structure of LNP-RNA, composed of ionizable lipids electrostatically complexed with RNA, and the relatively labile lipid-monolayer coating, is more prone to destabilization during focusing in MD-AF4 than previously characterised nanoparticles, resulting in particle aggregation and sample loss. Hence characterisation of LNP-RNA by MD-AF4 needs significant adaptation of the methods developed for liposomes. To improve the performance of MD-AF4 applied to LNP-RNA in a systematic and comprehensive manner, we have explored the use of the frit-inlet channel where, differently from the standard AF4 channel, the particles are relaxed hydrodynamically as they are injected. The absence of a focusing step minimizes contact between the particle and the membrane, reducing artefacts (e.g. sample loss, particle aggregation). Separation in a frit-inlet channel enables satisfactory reproducibility and acceptable sample recovery in the commercially available MD-AF4 instruments. In addition to slice-by-slice measurements of particle size, MD-AF4 also allows to determine particle concentration and the particle size distribution, demonstrating enhanced versatility beyond standard sizing measurements.publishedVersio

The SuperCam Instrument Suite on the Mars 2020 Rover: Science Objectives and Mast-Unit Description

On the NASA 2020 rover mission to Jezero crater, the remote determination of the texture, mineralogy and chemistry of rocks is essential to quickly and thoroughly characterize an area and to optimize the selection of samples for return to Earth. As part of the Perseverance payload, SuperCam is a suite of five techniques that provide critical and complementary observations via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Time-Resolved Raman and Luminescence (TRR/L), visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VISIR), high-resolution color imaging (RMI), and acoustic recording (MIC). SuperCam operates at remote distances, primarily 2-7 m, while providing data at sub-mm to mm scales. We report on SuperCam's science objectives in the context of the Mars 2020 mission goals and ways the different techniques can address these questions. The instrument is made up of three separate subsystems: the Mast Unit is designed and built in France; the Body Unit is provided by the United States; the calibration target holder is contributed by Spain, and the targets themselves by the entire science team. This publication focuses on the design, development, and tests of the Mast Unit; companion papers describe the other units. The goal of this work is to provide an understanding of the technical choices made, the constraints that were imposed, and ultimately the validated performance of the flight model as it leaves Earth, and it will serve as the foundation for Mars operations and future processing of the data.In France was provided by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). Human resources were provided in part by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and universities. Funding was provided in the US by NASA's Mars Exploration Program. Some funding of data analyses at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) was provided by laboratory-directed research and development funds

Methodological development of flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) and optical spectroscopy for the study of aquatic dissolved organic matter : application to the Seine and Gironde estuaries

La matière organique dissoute (MOD) est constituée d’un mélange hétérogène et complexe de molécules. Elle intervient dans de nombreux processus physiques, biologiques et chimiques dans les milieux aquatiques, et notamment dans les grands cycles biogéochimiques ou le transport et la biodisponibilité des contaminants.Ainsi un des enjeux actuels de nombreux domaines de recherche (chimie, écologie, océanographie) est de mieux comprendre et caractériser la MOD dans l’environnement. Dans ce contexte-là, l’objectif de ces travaux a été le développement d’une méthodologie analytique pour l’analyse et la séparation, en fonction de la taille, par fractionnement par couplage flux-force avec flux asymétrique (AF4) de la MOD. Le développement a principalement porté sur la phase mobile, le flux croisé, le temps de focus et l’utilisation d’étalons organiques proches de la MOD, permettant de calculer sa masse moléculaire moyenne.Cette méthode optimisée, couplée à un détecteur UV/Vis, équipée d’une membrane de 1kDa, d’un espaceur de 490μm et d’une phase mobile de 5mM en tampon phosphate a permis l’étude de la dynamique de la MOD.L’application de cette méthode couplée aux techniques de spectroscopie optique (absorbance et fluorescence) a permis l’étude de la MOD dans les estuaires de Seine et de Gironde mettant en avant les effets de la marée et des saisons sur la taille et le type de MOD.De plus, différentes approches statistiques ont été développées afin de mieux appréhender les multiples variables (analytiques ou environnementales) et notamment les modèles de régression linéaire ou les cartes auto-organisatrices de Kohonen.Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a heterogeneous and complex mixture of molecules. It is involved in many physical, biological and chemical processes in aquatic ecosystems, especially in the major biogeochemical cycles or transport and bioavailability of contaminants.Thus one of the current issues in many areas of research (chemistry, ecology, oceanography) is to better understand and characterize DOM in the environment. In this context, the aim of this work was the development of an analytical methodology for DOM analysis and separation, depending on its size, by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4). The development focused on the mobile phase, the cross-flow, the focus time and the use of organic macromolecules standards close to DOM, in order to calculate its molecular weight.This optimized method, coupled with a UV/Vis detector, equipped with a 1kDa membrane, a 490μm spacer and a mobile phase of 5 mM phosphate buffer allowed us to study the MOD dynamics in estuarine environments.The application of this method coupled to optical spectroscopy techniques (absorbance and fluorescence) permitted the study of MOD in the Seine and Gironde estuaries and to highlight the tidal and the seasonal effects on the size and type of DOM.Furthermore, different statistical approaches have been developed to better understand the multiple variables (analytical or environmental), especially linear regression models or self-organizing maps (Kohonen)

Développement méthodologique du fractionnement par couplage flux / force (AF4) et spectroscopie optique pour l'étude de la matière organique dissoute aquatique : application aux estuaires de Seine et de Gironde

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a heterogeneous and complex mixture of molecules. It is involved in many physical, biological and chemical processes in aquatic ecosystems, especially in the major biogeochemical cycles or transport and bioavailability of contaminants.Thus one of the current issues in many areas of research (chemistry, ecology, oceanography) is to better understand and characterize DOM in the environment. In this context, the aim of this work was the development of an analytical methodology for DOM analysis and separation, depending on its size, by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4). The development focused on the mobile phase, the cross-flow, the focus time and the use of organic macromolecules standards close to DOM, in order to calculate its molecular weight.This optimized method, coupled with a UV/Vis detector, equipped with a 1kDa membrane, a 490μm spacer and a mobile phase of 5 mM phosphate buffer allowed us to study the MOD dynamics in estuarine environments.The application of this method coupled to optical spectroscopy techniques (absorbance and fluorescence) permitted the study of MOD in the Seine and Gironde estuaries and to highlight the tidal and the seasonal effects on the size and type of DOM.Furthermore, different statistical approaches have been developed to better understand the multiple variables (analytical or environmental), especially linear regression models or self-organizing maps (Kohonen).La matière organique dissoute (MOD) est constituée d’un mélange hétérogène et complexe de molécules. Elle intervient dans de nombreux processus physiques, biologiques et chimiques dans les milieux aquatiques, et notamment dans les grands cycles biogéochimiques ou le transport et la biodisponibilité des contaminants.Ainsi un des enjeux actuels de nombreux domaines de recherche (chimie, écologie, océanographie) est de mieux comprendre et caractériser la MOD dans l’environnement. Dans ce contexte-là, l’objectif de ces travaux a été le développement d’une méthodologie analytique pour l’analyse et la séparation, en fonction de la taille, par fractionnement par couplage flux-force avec flux asymétrique (AF4) de la MOD. Le développement a principalement porté sur la phase mobile, le flux croisé, le temps de focus et l’utilisation d’étalons organiques proches de la MOD, permettant de calculer sa masse moléculaire moyenne.Cette méthode optimisée, couplée à un détecteur UV/Vis, équipée d’une membrane de 1kDa, d’un espaceur de 490μm et d’une phase mobile de 5mM en tampon phosphate a permis l’étude de la dynamique de la MOD.L’application de cette méthode couplée aux techniques de spectroscopie optique (absorbance et fluorescence) a permis l’étude de la MOD dans les estuaires de Seine et de Gironde mettant en avant les effets de la marée et des saisons sur la taille et le type de MOD.De plus, différentes approches statistiques ont été développées afin de mieux appréhender les multiples variables (analytiques ou environnementales) et notamment les modèles de régression linéaire ou les cartes auto-organisatrices de Kohonen

Detection, counting and characterization of nanoplastics in marine bioindicators: a proof of principle study.

Plastic particulates in the environment pose an increasing concern for regulatory bodies due to their potential risk to higher organisms (including humans) as they enter the food chain. Nanoplastics (defined here as smaller than 1 μm) are particularly challenging to detect and analyze at environmentally relevant concentrations and in biological matrices. The tunicate Ciona Robusta is an effective bioindicator for microplastics and nanoplastic contamination in the marine environment, due to its capacity to filter substantial volumes of water and to accumulate particulates. In this proof-of-principle study that demonstrates a complete methodology, following controlled exposure using spiked samples of a model nanoplastic (100 nm diameter polystyrene spheres) the nanoparticles were separated from an enzymatically digested biological matrix, purified and concentrated for analysis. The described method yields an approximate value for nanoplastic concentration in the organism (with a limit of detection of 106 particles/organism, corresponding to 1 ng/g) and provides the chemical composition by Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, this method can be extended to other biological matrices and used to quantitatively monitor the accumulation of nanoplastics in the environment and food chain.publishedVersio

Physical characterization of liposomal drug formulations using multidetector asymmetrical-flow field flow fractionation

Liposomal formulations for the treatment of cancer and other diseases are the most common form of nanotechnology enabled pharmaceuticals (NEPs) submitted for market approval and in clinical application today. The accurate characterization of their physical-chemical properties is a key requirement; in particular, size, size distribution, shape, and physical-chemical stability are key among properties that regulators identify as critical quality attributes. Here we develop and validate an optimized method, based on multi-detector asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation (MD-AF4) to accurately and reproducibly separate liposomal drug formulations into their component populations and to characterize their associated size and size distribution, whether monomodal or polymodal in nature. In addition, the results show that the method is suitable to measure liposomes in the presence of serum proteins and can yield information on the shape and physical stability of the structures. The optimized MD-AF4 based method has been validated across different instrument platforms, three laboratories, and multiple drug formulations following a comprehensive analysis of factors that influence the fractionation process and subsequent physical characterization. Interlaboratory reproducibility and intra-laboratory precision were evaluated, identifying sources of bias and establishing criteria for the acceptance of results. This method meets a documented high priority need in regulatory science as applied to NEPs such as Doxil and can be adapted to the measurement of other NEP forms (such as lipid nanoparticle therapeutics) with some modifications. Overall, this method will help speed up development of NEPS, and facilitate their regulatory review, ultimately leading to faster translation of innovative concepts from the bench to the clinic. Additionally, the approach used in this work (based on international collaboration between leading non-regulatory institutions) can be replicated to address other identified gaps in the analytical characterization of various classes of NEPs. Finally, a plan exists to pursue more extended interlaboratory validation studies to advance this method to a consensus international standard.JRC.F.2-Consumer Products Safet

Improved multidetector asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation method for particle sizing and concentration measurements of lipid-based nanocarriers for RNA delivery

Lipid-based nanoparticles for RNA delivery (LNP-RNA) are revolutionizing the nanomedicine field, with one approved gene therapy formulation and two approved vaccines against COVID-19, as well as multiple ongoing clinical trials. As for other innovative nanopharmaceuticals (NPhs), the advancement of robust methods to assess their quality and safety profiles—in line with regulatory needs—is critical for facilitating their development and clinical translation. Asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation coupled to multiple online optical detectors (MD-AF4) is considered a very versatile and robust approach for the physical characterisation of nanocarriers, and has been used successfully for measuring particle size, polydispersity and physical stability of lipid-based systems, including liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles. However, the unique core structure of LNP-RNA, composed of ionizable lipids electrostatically complexed with RNA, and the relatively labile lipid-monolayer coating, is more prone to destabilization during focusing in MD-AF4 than previously characterised nanoparticles, resulting in particle aggregation and sample loss. Hence characterisation of LNP-RNA by MD-AF4 needs significant adaptation of the methods developed for liposomes. To improve the performance of MD-AF4 applied to LNP-RNA in a systematic and comprehensive manner, we have explored the use of the frit-inlet channel where, differently from the standard AF4 channel, the particles are relaxed hydrodynamically as they are injected. The absence of a focusing step minimizes contact between the particle and the membrane, reducing artefacts (e.g. sample loss, particle aggregation). Separation in a frit-inlet channel enables satisfactory reproducibility and acceptable sample recovery in the commercially available MD-AF4 instruments. In addition to slice-by-slice measurements of particle size, MD-AF4 also allows to determine particle concentration and the particle size distribution, demonstrating enhanced versatility beyond standard sizing measurements

A Decision Support System for preclinical assessment of nanomaterials in medical products: the REFINE DSS.

The application of nanomaterials in medicine has led to novel pharmaceuticals and medical devices that have demonstrated a strong potential for increasing the efficacy/performance and safety of therapeutic and diagnostic procedures to address a wide range of diseases. However, the successful translation of these technologies from their inception (proof-of-concept) to clinical practice has been challenged by substantial gaps in the scientific and technical capacity of R&D companies, especially SMEs, to keep up with the ever-evolving regulatory expectations in the emerging area of nanomedicine. To address these challenges, the EU Horizon 2020 project REFINE has developed a Decision Support System (DSS) to support developers of nanotechnology-enabled health products in bringing their products to the clinic. The REFINE DSS has been developed to support experts, innovators, and regulators in the implementation of intelligent testing strategies (ITS) for efficient preclinical assessment of nanotechnology-enabled health products. The DSS applies logical rules provided by REFINE experts which generate prioritized lists of assays to be performed (i.e. ITSs) for physicochemical characterisation and for immunotoxicological endpoints. The DSS has been tested against several case studies and was validated by internal project experts as well as external ones.publishedVersio

Cryo-XPS for Surface Characterization of Nanomedicines

Nanoparticles used for medical applications commonly possess coatings or surface functionalities intended to provide specific behavior in vivo, for example, the use of PEG to provide stealth properties. Direct, quantitative measurement of the surface chemistry and composition of such systems in a hydrated environment has thus far not been demonstrated, yet such measurements are of great importance for the development of nanomedicine systems. Here we demonstrate the first use of cryo-XPS for the measurement of two PEG-functionalized nanomedicines: a polymeric drug delivery system and a lipid nanoparticle mRNA carrier. The observed differences between cryo-XPS and standard XPS measurements indicate the potential of cryo-XPS for providing quantitative measurements of such nanoparticle systems in hydrated conditions