Relación hospedero-parásito Trypanosoma cruzi

Cuando hablamos de la relación hospedero - parásito es necesario remitirnos a la concepción de un abordaje tipo asociación de dos protagonistas que desempeñan funciones activas y fundamentales. Existen muchas interacciones parásito - hospedero las cuales son particulares dependiendo del parásito involucrado. Los parásitos protozooss afectan la red inmunológica del hospedero, generando un desequilibrio a su favor, induciendo una respuesta insuficiente o inespecífica. Sin embargo, para cada parásito existe una serie de mecanismos efectores que llevan a desplazar la respuesta a favor del hospedero y son esos mecanismos los que precisamente deben ser conocidos y estudiados para tratar de eliminar los parásitos patógenos

Relación hospedero-parásito Trypanosoma cruzi

Cuando hablamos de la relación hospedero - parásito es necesario remitirnos a la concepción de un abordaje tipo asociación de dos protagonistas que desempeñan funciones activas y fundamentales. Existen muchas interacciones parásito - hospedero las cuales son particulares dependiendo del parásito involucrado. Los parásitos protozooss afectan la red inmunológica del hospedero, generando un desequilibrio a su favor, induciendo una respuesta insuficiente o inespecífica. Sin embargo, para cada parásito existe una serie de mecanismos efectores que llevan a desplazar la respuesta a favor del hospedero y son esos mecanismos los que precisamente deben ser conocidos y estudiados para tratar de eliminar los parásitos patógenos

Differences in Classification Standards For the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased dramatically all over the world in recent years. While obesity in adults can be easily measured using the BMI calculation, determining overweight and obesity in children is more controversial. The aim was to compare the three most used international classification systems (WHO 2007, CDC 2000 and Cole-IOTF) to determine overweight and obesity in infant and adolescent populations. We performed a systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines of articles comparing any of the three classification systems. The main findings were that the WHO 2007 criteria show the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity in the child and youth population. The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity was determined to be higher in boys than in girls in most studies, when analysing the classifications of the WHO 2007, CDC 2000 and Cole-IOTF together. However, there was a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity in girls than in boys when only the CDC 2000 and Cole-IOTF criteria were considered. Both the results of the review and the great heterogeneity found in the meta-analysis show that it is necessary to unify the criteria for the classification of childhood overweight and obesity. International standards are insufficient for working with the current population. A working group should be created to address this issue and agree on the unification of a gold standard, taking into account the geographical region, the ethnic groups and the age groups of the child and youth population and above all, the secular growth.Catholic University of Valencia for their contribution and help in the payment of the Open Access publication under grant number 2022-275-002. Likewise,Medicin

Air quality forecasts on a kilometer-scale grid over complex Spanish terrains

The CALIOPE Air Quality Forecast System (CALIOPE-AQFS) represents the current state of the art in air quality forecasting systems of high-resolution running on high-performance computing platforms. It provides a 48 h forecast of NO2, O3, SO2, PM10, PM2.5, CO, and C6H6at a 4 km horizontal resolution over all of Spain, and at a 1 km horizontal resolution over the most populated areas in Spain with complex terrains (the Barcelona (BCN), Madrid (MAD) and Andalusia (AND) domains). Increased horizontal resolution from 4 to 1 km over the aforementioned domains leads to finer textures and more realistic concentration maps, which is justified by the increase in NO2/O3spatial correlation coefficients from 0.79/0.69 (4 km) to 0.81/0.73 (1 km). High-resolution emissions using the bottom-up HERMESv2.0 model are essential for improving model performance when increasing resolution on an urban scale, but it is still insufficient. Decreasing grid spacing does not reveal the expected improvement in hourly statistics, i.e., decreasing NO2bias by only ~ 2 µg m-3and increasing O3 bias by ~ 1 µg m-3. The grid effect is less pronounced for PM10, because part of its mass consists of secondary aerosols, which are less affected than the locally emitted primary components by a decreasing grid size. The resolution increase has the highest impact over Barcelona, where air flow is controlled mainly by mesoscale phenomena and a lower planetary boundary layer (PBL). Despite the merits and potential uses of the 1-km simulation, the limitations of current model formulations do not allow confirmation of their expected superiority close to highly urbanized areas and large emissions sources. Future work should combine high grid resolutions with techniques that decrease subgrid variability (e.g., stochastic field methods), and also include models that consider urban morphology and thermal parameters.Postprint (published version

A search for pre- and proto-brown dwarfs in the dark cloud Barnard 30 with ALMA

In this work we present ALMA continuum observations at 880 $\mu$m of 30 sub-mm cores previously identified with APEX/LABOCA at 870$\mu$m in the Barnard 30 cloud. The main goal is to characterize the youngest and lowest mass population in the cloud. As a result, we report the detection of five (out of 30) spatially unresolved sources with ALMA, with estimated masses between 0.9 and 67 M$_{\rm Jup}$. From these five sources, only two show gas emission. The analysis of multi-wavelength photometry from these two objects, namely B30-LB14 and B30-LB19, is consistent with one Class II- and one Class I low-mass stellar object, respectively. The gas emission is consistent with a rotating disk in the case of B30-LB14, and with an oblate rotating envelope with infall signatures in the case of LB19. The remaining three ALMA detections do not have infrared counterparts and can be classified as either deeply embedded objects or as starless cores if B30 members. In the former case, two of them (LB08 and LB31) show internal luminosity upper limits consistent with Very Low Luminosity objects, while we do not have enough information for LB10. In the starless core scenario, and taking into account the estimated masses from ALMA and the APEX/LABOCA cores, we estimate final masses for the central objects in the substellar domain, so they could be classified as pre-BD core candidates.Comment: Published in A&

Vocal cord paresis and diaphragmatic dysfunction are severe and frequent symptoms of GDAP1-associated neuropathy

[EN] Cranial nerve involvement in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is rare, though there are a number of CMT syndromes in which vocal cord paralysis is a characteristic feature. CMT disease due to mutations in the ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1 gene (GDAP1) has been reported to be associated with vocal cord and diaphragmatic palsy. In order to address the prevalence of these complications in patients with GDAP1 mutations we evaluated vocal cord and respiratory function in nine patients from eight unrelated families with this disorder. Hoarseness of the voice and inability to speak loudly were reported by eight patients and one had associated symptoms of respiratory insufficiency. Patients were investigated by means of peripheral and phrenic nerve conduction studies, flexible laryngoscopy, pulmonary function studies and polysomnography. Nerve conduction velocities and pathological studies were compatible with axonal CMT (CMT2). Flexible laryngoscopy showed left vocal cord palsy in four cases, bilateral cord palsies in four cases and was normal in one case. Restrictive respiratory dysfunction was seen in the eight patients with vocal cord paresis who were all chair-bound. These eight had confirmed phrenic nerve dysfunction on neurophysiology evaluation. The patient with normal vocal cord and pulmonary function had a less severe clinical course.This study shows that CMT patients with GDAP1 mutations develop severe disability due to weakness of limb muscles and that laryngeal and respiratory muscle involvement occurs late in the disease process when significant proximal upper limb weakness has developed. The early and predominant involvement of the left vocal cord innervated by the longer left recurrent laryngeal nerve suggests a length dependent pattern of nerve degeneration. In GDAP1 neuropathy, respiratory function should be thoroughly investigated because life expectancy can be compromised due to respiratory failure.Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria (PI/05/1572); CIBERNED; CIBERER; Instituto de Salud Carlos III.Sevilla, T.; Jaijo, T.; Nauffal, D.; Collado, D.; Chumillas, MJ.; Vilchez, JJ.; Muelas, N.... (2008). Vocal cord paresis and diaphragmatic dysfunction are severe and frequent symptoms of GDAP1-associated neuropathy. Brain. 131:3051-3061. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn2283051306113

Leishmaniasis difusa

The clinical and histopathologic picture of four patients with diffuse leishmaniasis (DL) from four different areas of Colombia are presented. The initial diagnosis was made Ly histopathology in all of them. A 10 year old girl and an 80 year old male had disseminated lesions; the other two cases were two men of 33 and 62 years old who presented with nodular lesions treated succesfully with local heat and Glutantime (R). The four cases had a negative Montenegro test. We confirm that DL may be cured when treated early before it becomes a disseminated disease. Local heat was a powerful tool in treating one of the two cases with a unique nodular lesion. L. m. amazonensis was identified in this case by culture and isoenzyme analysis and L. mexicana was identified in the 80 year old patient by the same procedures. Hamsters inoculated with suspensions of the ground biopsies developed huge mouth and footpad histiocytomes. We illustrate the clinical aspects of the disease and discuss the histopathology and the electronmicroscopic leishmania-macrophage relationships. An overview of the characteristics of this entity and a review of the literature are presented.Se presentan cuatro pacientes con leishmaniasis difusa, procedentes de cuatro regiones de Colombia, diagnosticados inicialmente mediante el estudio histopatológico. Dos casos tenían lesiones diseminadas, en una niña de 10 años y en un hombre de 80 años. Los otros dos casos, hombres de 33 y 62 años, presentaron lesiones nodulares iniciales que curaron con calor local y Glucantime. Todos tuvieron leishmaninas negativas. Se confirma que la entidad puede curar cuando no está diseminada. El calor local fue muy útil en un caso con lesión única inicial. La inoculación al hamster con macerados de biopsias de dos de los pacientes les originó prominentes "histiocitomas" en el hocico y las almohadillas plantares. En un caso no diseminado se identificó el parásito como L. m. amazonensis mediante isoenzimas. En el paciente de 80 años, el agente causal fue una cepa de L. mexicana. llustramos las lesiones clínicas, enfatizamos el aspecto típico de la imagen histopatológica e ilustramos y discutimos la relación leishmaniamacrófago mediante imágenes de microscopía electrónica. Las características de la enfermedad y la literatura sobre la misma se revisa ampliamente

Phenotypical features of the p.R120W mutation in the GDAP1 gene causing autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

[EN] Mutations in the ganglioside-induced-differentiation-associated protein 1 gene (GDAP1) can cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease with demyelinating (CMT4A) or axonal forms (CMT2K and ARCMT2K). Most of these mutations present a recessive inheritance, but few autosomal dominant GDAP1 mutations have also been reported. We performed a GDAP1 gene screening in a clinically well-characterized series of 81 index cases with axonal CMT neuropathy, identifying 17 patients belonging to 4 unrelated families in whom the heterozygous p.R120W was found to be the only disease-causing mutation. The main objective was to fully characterize the neuropathy caused by this mutation. The clinical picture included a mild-moderate phenotype with onset around adolescence, but great variability. Consistently, ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion were impaired to a similar degree. Nerve conduction studies revealed an axonal neuropathy. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging studies demonstrated selective involvement of intrinsic foot muscles in all patients and a uniform pattern of fatty infiltration in the calf, with distal and superficial posterior predominance. Pathological abnormalities included depletion of myelinated fibers, regenerative clusters and features of axonal degeneration with mitochondrial aggregates. Our findings highlight the relevance of dominantly transmitted p.R120W GDAP1 gene mutations which can cause an axonal CMT with a wide clinical profile.We are grateful to the propositi and their relatives for their kind collaboration. We also want to thank I. Llopis and M. Escutia for their help with sample management. This work was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III [PI08/90857, PI08/0889, CP08/00053 and PS09/00095], the Fundacion para la Investigacion del Hospital Universitari La Fe [CM06/00154], the Spanish Ministry Science and Innovation [grant number SAF2006-01047], and the Generalitat Valenciana [grant no. Prometeo/2009/05]. Dr. C. Espinos has a "Miguel Servet'' contract funded by the Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria. Both Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) and Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) are initiatives from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III.Sivera, R.; Espinós-Armero, CÁ.; Vílchez, JJ.; Mas, F.; Martínez-Rubio, D.; Chumillas, MJ.; Mayordomo, F.... (2010). Phenotypical features of the p.R120W mutation in the GDAP1 gene causing autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System. 15(4):334-344. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8027.2010.00286.x33434415

Mutations in the MORC2 gene cause axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

[EN] Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a complex disorder with wide genetic heterogeneity. Here we present a new axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease form, associated with the gene microrchidia family CW-type zinc finger 2 (MORC2). Whole-exome sequencing in a family with autosomal dominant segregation identified the novel MORC2 p. R190W change in four patients. Further mutational screening in our axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease clinical series detected two additional sporadic cases, one patient who also carried the same MORC2 p. R190W mutation and another patient that harboured a MORC2 p. S25L mutation. Genetic and in silico studies strongly supported the pathogenicity of these sequence variants. The phenotype was variable and included patients with congenital or infantile onset, as well as others whose symptoms started in the second decade. The patients with early onset developed a spinal muscular atrophy-like picture, whereas in the later onset cases, the initial symptoms were cramps, distal weakness and sensory impairment. Weakness and atrophy progressed in a random and asymmetric fashion and involved limb girdle muscles, leading to a severe incapacity in adulthood. Sensory loss was always prominent and proportional to disease severity. Electrophysiological studies were consistent with an asymmetric axonal motor and sensory neuropathy, while fasciculations and myokymia were recorded rather frequently by needle electromyography. Sural nerve biopsy revealed pronounced multifocal depletion of myelinated fibres with some regenerative clusters and occasional small onion bulbs. Morc2 is expressed in both axons and Schwann cells of mouse peripheral nerve. Different roles in biological processes have been described for MORC2. As the silencing of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease genes have been associated with DNA damage response, it is tempting to speculate that a deregulation of this pathway may be linked to the axonal degeneration observed in MORC2 neuropathy, thus adding a new pathogenic mechanism to the long list of causes of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.This collaborative joint project is awarded by IRDiRC and funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) - Subdireccion General de Evaluacion y Fomento de la Investigacion within the framework of the National R+D+I Plan (IR11/TREAT-CMT to T.S., S.I.P.P., F.P. and C.E.; PI12/00453 to C.E.; and PI12/0946 to T.S.), co-funded with FEDER funds. Additional support was provided by the Ramon Areces Foundation and by the ISCIII and the Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe (CPII14/00002) to C.E.Sevilla, T.; Lupo, V.; Martínez-Rubio, D.; Sancho, P.; Sivera, R.; Chumillas, MJ.; García-Romero, M.... (2016). Mutations in the MORC2 gene cause axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Brain. 139:62-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awv311627213