Laseraltimetrie en de kartering van Celtic Fields in de Belgische Kempen: mogelijkheden en toekomstperspectieven

In dit artikel worden de mogelijkheden onderzocht van het gebruik van laseraltimetrische opnames, meer bepaald het Digitaal Hoogtemodel Vlaanderen (DHMV), voor de kartering van zogenaamde Celtic Fields in de Belgische Kempen. Op initiatief van het Gallo-Romeins Museum in Tongeren werd een eerste analyse uitgevoerd in het kader van een masterproef aan de VUB, met gebruik van het standaard gefilterde DHMV. Het toonde duidelijk het grote potentieel aan van dit instrument voor de detectie van Celtic Fields in bosgebieden. Geïnspireerd door dit resultaat werd een meer gedetailleerde analyse uitgevoerd aan de hand van het ongefilterde brondatabestand van het DHMV, waarvan de resolutie ongeveer 5 maal hoger is. De analyses en visualisaties van beide datasets werden uitgevoerd door het Vlaams Instituut voor het Onroerend Erfgoed (VIOE). Het hier besproken studiegebied is de regio van het Kempisch Plateau en het hierbij aansluitend gebied ten noorden (Bocholt-Kaulille, Overpelt, Lommel, Neerpelt & Peer). Binnen deze regio werden enkele zoekzones geselecteerd op basis van enerzijds al gekende Celtic Fields, en anderzijds de mogelijkheden van deze zones om goed bewaarde Celtic Fields te bevatten. Wat dit laatste betreft werd gezocht naar historisch stabiele bosgebieden. Deze bijdrage bespreekt de resultaten van deze analyse voor drie Celtic Field-complexen: Ophovener- Muisvennerheide, Kolisbos en Lindelse Heide/Holven. We vergelijken hierbij telkens de resultaten van de DHM-analyses met de gekende archeologische gegevens en met sporen zichtbaar op luchtfotos. Eerst wordt een korte stand van zaken gegeven van het onderzoek naar Celtic Fields in Noordwest-Europa en in Vlaanderen. Daarna volgt een overzicht van de huidige inzichten in de ontstaansontwikkeling, chronologie en morfologie van Celtic Field-complexen, vooral aan de hand van onderzoek uit buurlanden. Vervolgens wordt kort het gebruik van laseraltimetrie bij het archeologisch prospectieonderzoek toegelicht, en dit binnen de internationale context en in Vlaanderen. Tegen deze achtergrond worden verder de doelstellingen, methodologie en resultaten van het gevoerde onderzoek gepresenteerd

Label-free mapping of microstructural organisation in self-aligning cellular collagen hydrogels using image correlation spectroscopy

Hydrogels have emerged as promising biomaterials for regenerative medicine. Despite major advances, tissue engineers have faced challenges in studying the complex dynamics of cellmediated hydrogel remodelling. Second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy has been a pivotal tool for non-invasive visualization of collagen type I hydrogels. By taking into account the typical polarization SHG effect, we recently proposed an alternative image correlation spectroscopy (ICS) model to quantify characteristics of randomly oriented collagen fibrils. However, fibril alignment is an important feature in many tissues that needs to be monitored for effective assembly of anisotropic tissue constructs. Here we extended our previous approach to include the orientation distribution of fibrils in cellular hydrogels and show the power of this model in two biologically relevant applications. Using a collagen hydrogel contraction assay, we were able to capture cell-induced hydrogel modifications at the microscopic scale and link these to changes in overall gel dimensions over time. After 24 h, the collagen density was about 3 times higher than the initial density, which was of the same order as the decrease in hydrogel area. We also showed that the orientation parameters recovered from our automated ICS model match values obtained from manual measurements. Furthermore, regions axial to cellular processes aligned at least 1.5 times faster compared with adjacent zones. Being able to capture minor temporal and spatial changes in hydrogel density and collagen fibril orientation, we demonstrated the sensitivity of this extended ICS model to deconstruct a complex environment and support its potential for tissue engineering research

The kunitz domain protein BLI-5 plays a functionally conserved role in cuticle formation in a diverse range of nematodes

The cuticle of parasitic nematodes performs many critical functions and is essential for proper development and for protection from the host immune response. The biosynthesis, assembly, modification and turnover of this exoskeleton have been most extensively studied in the free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, where it represents a complex multi-step process involving a whole suite of enzymes. The biosynthesis of the cuticle has an additional level of complexity, as many of the enzymes also require additional proteins to aid their activation and selective inhibition. Blister-5 (BLI-5) represents a protein with a kunitz-type serine protease interacting domain and is involved in cuticle collagen biosynthesis in C. elegans, through its interaction with subtilisin-like processing enzymes (such as BLI-4). Mutation of the bli-5 gene causes blistering of the collagenous adult cuticle. Homologues of BLI-5 have been identified in several parasitic species that span different nematode clades. In this study, we molecularly and biochemically characterize BLI-5 homologues from the clade V nematodes C. elegans and Haemonchus contortus and from the clade III filarial nematode Brugia malayi. The nematode BLI-5 orthologues possess a shared domain structure and perform similar in vitro and in vivo functions, performing important proteolytic enzyme functions. The results demonstrate that the bli-5 genes from these diverse parasitic nematodes are able to complement a C. elegansbli-5 mutant and thereby support the use of the C. elegans model system to examine gene function in the experimentally less-amenable parasitic species

Recent advances in bunyavirus glycoprotein research: precursor processing, receptor binding and structure

The Bunyavirales order accommodates related viruses (bunyaviruses) with segmented, linear, single-stranded, negative- or ambi-sense RNA genomes. Their glycoproteins form capsomeric projections or spikes on the virion surface and play a crucial role in virus entry, assembly, morphogenesis. Bunyavirus glycoproteins are encoded by a single RNA segment as a polyprotein precursor that is co- and post-translationally cleaved by host cell enzymes to yield two mature glycoproteins, Gn and Gc (or GP1 and GP2 in arenaviruses). These glycoproteins undergo extensive N-linked glycosylation and despite their cleavage, remain associated to the virion to form an integral transmembrane glycoprotein complex. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the molecular biology of bunyavirus glycoproteins, including their processing, structure, and known interactions with host factors that facilitate cell entry

Molecular rationale for antibody-mediated targeting of the hantavirus fusion glycoprotein

Rissanen, Ilona Stass, Robert Krumm, Stefanie A Seow, Jeffrey Hulswit, Ruben Jg Paesen, Guido C Hepojoki, Jussi Vapalahti, Olli Lundkvist, Ake Reynard, Olivier Volchkov, Viktor Doores, Katie J Huiskonen, Juha T Bowden, Thomas A eng MR/L009528/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom MR/S007555/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom MR/N002091/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom MR/K024426/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom 309605/Academy of Finland 649053/H2020 European Research Council 203141/Z/16Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom 060208/Z/00/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom 093305/Z/10/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom England Elife. 2020 Dec 22;9. pii: 58242. doi: 10.7554/eLife.58242.The intricate lattice of Gn and Gc glycoprotein spike complexes on the hantavirus envelope facilitates host-cell entry and is the primary target of the neutralizing antibody-mediated immune response. Through study of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody termed mAb P-4G2, which neutralizes the zoonotic pathogen Puumala virus (PUUV), we provide a molecular-level basis for antibody-mediated targeting of the hantaviral glycoprotein lattice. Crystallographic analysis demonstrates that P-4G2 binds to a multi-domain site on PUUV Gc and may preclude fusogenic rearrangements of the glycoprotein that are required for host-cell entry. Furthermore, cryo-electron microscopy of PUUV-like particles in the presence of P-4G2 reveals a lattice-independent configuration of the Gc, demonstrating that P-4G2 perturbs the (Gn-Gc)4 lattice. This work provides a structure-based blueprint for rationalizing antibody-mediated targeting of hantaviruses.Peer reviewe

Central tolerance shapes the neutralizing B cell repertoire against a persisting virus in its natural host

Viral mimicry of host cell structures has been postulated to curtail the B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire against persisting viruses through tolerance mechanisms. This concept awaits, however, experimental testing in a setting of natural virus–host relationship. We engineered mouse models expressing a monoclonal BCR specific for the envelope glycoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), a naturally persisting mouse pathogen. When the heavy chain of the LCMV-neutralizing antibody KL25 was paired with its unmutated ancestor light chain, most B cells underwent receptor editing, a behavior reminiscent of autoreactive clones. In contrast, monoclonal B cells expressing the same heavy chain in conjunction with the hypermutated KL25 light chain did not undergo receptor editing but exhibited low levels of surface IgM, suggesting that light chain hypermutation had lessened KL25 autoreactivity. Upon viral challenge, these IgM $^{low}$ cells were not anergic but up-regulated IgM, participated in germinal center reactions, produced antiviral antibodies, and underwent immunoglobulin class switch as well as further affinity maturation. These studies on a persisting virus in its natural host species suggest that central tolerance mechanisms prune the protective antiviral B cell repertoire

Induction of humoral immune response to multiple recombinant Rhipicephalus appendiculatus antigens and their effect on tick feeding success and pathogen transmission

BACKGROUND: Rhipicephalus appendiculatus is the primary vector of Theileria parva, the etiological agent of East Coast fever (ECF), a devastating disease of cattle in sub-Saharan Africa. We hypothesized that a vaccine targeting tick proteins that are involved in attachment and feeding might affect feeding success and possibly reduce tick-borne transmission of T. parva. Here we report the evaluation of a multivalent vaccine cocktail of tick antigens for their ability to reduce R. appendiculatus feeding success and possibly reduce tick-transmission of T. parva in a natural host-tick-parasite challenge model. METHODS: Cattle were inoculated with a multivalent antigen cocktail containing recombinant tick protective antigen subolesin as well as two additional R. appendiculatus saliva antigens: the cement protein TRP64, and three different histamine binding proteins. The cocktail also contained the T. parva sporozoite antigen p67C. The effect of vaccination on the feeding success of nymphal and adult R. appendiculatus ticks was evaluated together with the effect on transmission of T. parva using a tick challenge model. RESULTS: To our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of the anti-tick effects of these antigens in the natural host-tick-parasite combination. In spite of evidence of strong immune responses to all of the antigens in the cocktail, vaccination with this combination of tick and parasite antigens did not appear to effect tick feeding success or reduce transmission of T. parva. CONCLUSION: The results of this study highlight the importance of early evaluation of anti-tick vaccine candidates in biologically relevant challenge systems using the natural tick-host-parasite combination

Novel immunomodulators from hard ticks selectively reprogramme human dendritic cell responses

Hard ticks subvert the immune responses of their vertebrate hosts in order to feed for much longer periods than other blood-feeding ectoparasites; this may be one reason why they transmit perhaps the greatest diversity of pathogens of any arthropod vector. Tick-induced immunomodulation is mediated by salivary components, some of which neutralise elements of innate immunity or inhibit the development of adaptive immunity. As dendritic cells (DC) trigger and help to regulate adaptive immunity, they are an ideal target for immunomodulation. However, previously described immunoactive components of tick saliva are either highly promiscuous in their cellular and molecular targets or have limited effects on DC. Here we address the question of whether the largest and globally most important group of ticks (the ixodid metastriates) produce salivary molecules that specifically modulate DC activity. We used chromatography to isolate a salivary gland protein (Japanin) from Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. Japanin was cloned, and recombinant protein was produced in a baculoviral expression system. We found that Japanin specifically reprogrammes DC responses to a wide variety of stimuli in vitro, radically altering their expression of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory transmembrane molecules (measured by flow cytometry) and their secretion of pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and T cell polarising cytokines (assessed by Luminex multiplex assays); it also inhibits the differentiation of DC from monocytes. Sequence alignments and enzymatic deglycosylation revealed Japanin to be a 17.7 kDa, N-glycosylated lipocalin. Using molecular cloning and database searches, we have identified a group of homologous proteins in R. appendiculatus and related species, three of which we have expressed and shown to possess DC-modulatory activity. All data were obtained using DC generated from at least four human blood donors, with rigorous statistical analysis. Our results suggest a previously unknown mechanism for parasite-induced subversion of adaptive immunity, one which may also facilitate pathogen transmission