Impacto de la oferta de aguacate cv Hass fresco colombiano en el mercado europeo en los próximos 5 años

El presente estudio expone el panorama general de la industria del aguacate Hass fresco a nivel mundial, con el propósito de identificar cuál ha sido la evolución de los diferentes actores del sector. El mercado europeo del aguacate Hass es uno de los principales mercados desarrollados, que alcanza unos consumos per cápita con mayor crecimiento, unos altos valores de precios de venta y una proyección de consumo interesante para la industria. En los últimos años el mercado europeo ha demostrado un desequilibrio en la balanza comercial, generado principalmente por el crecimiento constante de la oferta y un menor crecimiento de la demanda, lo cual ha causado una disminución en los precios promedio y una incertidumbre sobre la dirección hacia la que se dirige la industria. Colombia se ha convertido en uno de los principales productores de aguacate Hass, con un crecimiento anual constante y con una proyección aún difícil de entender y de medir. Para ello, el presente trabajo reúne información histórica y la proyección que tiene Colombia como productor y exportador del aguacate Hass, con el propósito de medir cuál será el impacto sobre el mercado europeo en los próximos 5 años.This study tries to give an overview of the fresh Hass avocado industry worldwide, managing to understand the evolution of the different players in the sector. The European Hass avocado market is one of the main developed markets, achieving higher growth per capita consumption, high sales price values and an interesting consumption projection for the industry. In recent years, the European market has shown an imbalance in the trade balance, generated mainly by the constant growth in supply and lower growth in demand, which has caused a decrease in average prices and uncertainty as to where the supply is going. Industry. Colombia has become one of the main producers of Hass avocado, with a constant annual growth and with a projection that is still difficult to understand and measure For this, the present intends to compile the historical information and the projection that Colombia has as a producer and exporter of Hass avocado; and thus measure what will be the impact on the European market in the next 5 years

La semiotricidad como estrategia pedagógica para el fortalecimiento de las relaciones interpersonales en tres colegios distritales de la ciudad de Bogotá

Next, as a teaching experience, a pedagogical proposal is shared that strengthens interpersonal relationships through semiotricity as a constitutive element of what it can mean to educate man physically, since the contemporary school faces challenges of a social, cultural and human order that demand its visibility, and at the same time it challenges it to promote dynamics that correspond to the needs not only economic and of competitiveness, but ontological and social, where the encounter with the other allows the reunion with itself.El presente artículo comparte, a manera de experiencia docente, una propuesta pedagógica que puede fortalecer las relaciones interpersonales mediante la semiotricidad, entendiéndola como elemento constitutivo de lo que puede significar educar físicamente a las personas; ello, comprendiendo que la escuela contemporánea enfrenta retos de orden social, cultural y humano que demandan su visibilidad, por lo que es necesario potenciar dinámicas que correspondan, no solo a las necesidades económicas y de competitividad, sino ontológicas y sociales, en donde el encuentro con el otro posibilite el reencuentro el propio ser

Mitochondrial Stress Links Environmental Triggers with Pro-Inflammatory Signaling in Crohn's Disease

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are a group of chronic, inflammatory disorders of the gut. The incidence and activity of IBD are determined by both genetic and environmental factors. Among these factors, polymorphisms in genes related to autophagy and the consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been consistently associated with IBD. We show that NSAIDs induce mitochondrial stress and mitophagy in intestinal epithelial cells. In an altered mitophagy context simulating that observed in IBD patients, NSAID-induced mitochondrial stress leads to the release of mitochondrial components, which act as Danger Associated Molecular Patterns with pro-inflammatory potential. Furthermore, colonic organoids from Crohn's disease patients and healthy donors show activation of the mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response (UPRmt) upon treatment with ibuprofen. Finally, colon biopsies from Crohn's disease patients in remission or with low-to-moderate activity also show expression of genes involved in UPRmt, while patients with severe activity show no increase compared to healthy donors. Our results suggest the involvement of mitochondria in the mechanisms triggering inflammation in IBD after NSAID use. Moreover, our results highlight the clinical relevance of mitochondrial stress and activation of the UPRmt pathway in the pathophysiology of Crohn's disease

Integral care guide for early detection and diagnosis of depressive episodes and recurrent depressive disorder in adults. Integral attention of adults with a diagnosis of depressive episodes and recurrent depressive disorder part II : general aspects of treatment, management of the acute phase, continuation and maintenance of patients with a depression diagnosis

Introducción El presente artículo busca presentar las recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia que surgieron como respuesta a una serie de preguntas clínicas respecto al episodio depresivo y al trastorno depresivo recurrente, haciendo hincapié en los aspectos generales de tratamiento, el tratamiento en la fase aguda y el manejo de la fase de continuación/mantenimiento, con el fin de brindar parámetros de atención en salud basados en la mejor y más actualizada evidencia disponible para lograr los estándares mínimos de calidad en el abordaje de adultos con dichos diagnósticos. Método Se elaboró una guía de práctica clínica bajo los lineamientos de la Guía Metodológica del Ministerio de la Protección Social. Se adaptaron las recomendaciones de las guías NICE90 y CANMAT para las preguntas que estas guías contestaban y se desarrollaron de novo para las preguntas no encontradas. Resultados Se presentan las recomendaciones 5-22 correspondientes al manejo de la depresión.Q4740-773Introduction This article presents recommendations based on evidence gathered to answer a series of clinical questions concerning the depressive episode and the recurrent depressive disorder, with emphasis on general treatment aspects, treatment in the acute phase and management of the continuation/maintenance, all intended to grant health care parameters based on the best and more updated available evidence for achieving minimum quality standards with adult patients thus diagnosed. Methodology A practical clinical guide was elaborated according to standards of the Methodological Guide of the Ministry of Social Protection. Recommendation from NICE90 and CANMAT guides were adopted and updated so as to answer the questions posed while de novo questions were developed. Results Recommendations 5-22 corresponding to management of depression are presented

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

5to. Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad. Memoria académica

El V Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad, CITIS 2019, realizado del 6 al 8 de febrero de 2019 y organizado por la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, ofreció a la comunidad académica nacional e internacional una plataforma de comunicación unificada, dirigida a cubrir los problemas teóricos y prácticos de mayor impacto en la sociedad moderna desde la ingeniería. En esta edición, dedicada a los 25 años de vida de la UPS, los ejes temáticos estuvieron relacionados con la aplicación de la ciencia, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación en cinco pilares fundamentales de nuestra sociedad: la industria, la movilidad, la sostenibilidad ambiental, la información y las telecomunicaciones. El comité científico estuvo conformado formado por 48 investigadores procedentes de diez países: España, Reino Unido, Italia, Bélgica, México, Venezuela, Colombia, Brasil, Estados Unidos y Ecuador. Fueron recibidas un centenar de contribuciones, de las cuales 39 fueron aprobadas en forma de ponencias y 15 en formato poster. Estas contribuciones fueron presentadas de forma oral ante toda la comunidad académica que se dio cita en el Congreso, quienes desde el aula magna, el auditorio y la sala de usos múltiples de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, cumplieron respetuosamente la responsabilidad de representar a toda la sociedad en la revisión, aceptación y validación del conocimiento nuevo que fue presentado en cada exposición por los investigadores. Paralelo a las sesiones técnicas, el Congreso contó con espacios de presentación de posters científicos y cinco workshops en temáticas de vanguardia que cautivaron la atención de nuestros docentes y estudiantes. También en el marco del evento se impartieron un total de ocho conferencias magistrales en temas tan actuales como la gestión del conocimiento en la universidad-ecosistema, los retos y oportunidades de la industria 4.0, los avances de la investigación básica y aplicada en mecatrónica para el estudio de robots de nueva generación, la optimización en ingeniería con técnicas multi-objetivo, el desarrollo de las redes avanzadas en Latinoamérica y los mundos, la contaminación del aire debido al tránsito vehicular, el radón y los riesgos que representa este gas radiactivo para la salud humana, entre otros

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality