LC–MS/MS Analysis of the Emerging Toxin Pinnatoxin-G and High Levels of Esterified OA Group Toxins in Galician Commercial Mussels

The occurrence of marine harmful algae is increasing worldwide and, therefore, the accumulation of lipophilic marine toxins from harmful phytoplankton represents a food safety threat in the shellfish industry. Galicia, which is a commercially important EU producer of edible bivalve mollusk have been subjected to recurring cases of mussel farm closures, in the last decades. This work aimed to study the toxic profile of commercial mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in order to establish a potential risk when ingested. For this, a total of 41 samples of mussels farmed in 3 Rías (Ares-Sada, Arousa, and Pontevedra) and purchased in 5 local markets were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Chromatograms showed the presence of okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2), azaspiracid-2 (AZA-2), and the emerging toxins 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX-13), and pinnatoxin-G (PnTX-G). Quantification of each toxin was determined using their own standard calibration in the range 0.1%–50 ng/mL (R2 > 0.99) and by considering the toxin recovery (62–110%) and the matrix correction (33–211%). Data showed that OA and DTX-2 (especially in the form of esters) are the main risk in Galician mollusks, which was detected in 38 samples (93%) and 3 of them exceeded the legal limit (160 μg/kg), followed by SPX-13 that was detected in 19 samples (46%) in quantities of up to 28.9 μg/kg. Analysis from PTX-2, AZA-2, and PnTX-G showed smaller amounts. Fifteen samples (37%) were positive for PTX-2 (0.7–2.9 μg/kg), 12 samples (29%) for AZA-2 (0.1–1.8 μg/kg), and PnTX-G was detected in 5 mussel samples (12%) (0.4 μg/kg–0.9 μg/kg). This is the first time Galician mollusk was contaminated with PnTX-G. Despite results indicating that this toxin was not a potential risk through the mussel ingestion, it should be considered in the shellfish safety monitoring programs through the LC–MS/MS methods.This research has received funding from the following FEDER co-funded grants. From Conselleria de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia, 2017 GRC GI-1682 (ED431C 2017/01). From CDTI and Technological Funds, supported by Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, AGL2014-58210-R, AGL2016-78728-R (AEI/FEDER, UE), ISCIII/PI16/01830, RTC-2016-5507-2, and ITC-20161072. From the European Union POCTEP 0161-Nanoeaters -1-E-1, Interreg AlertoxNet EAPA-317-2016, Interreg Agritox EAPA-998-2018, and H2020 778069-EMERTOX. This work was also supported by the program “Juan de la Cierva 2016” from the Spanish Government. Paz Otero is recipient of a Postdoctoral Funding (Ref. IJCI-2016-27774)

Basic properties of Sobolev's spaces on time scales

We study the theory of Sobolev's spaces of functions defined on a closed subinterval of an arbitrary time scale endowed with the Lebesgue Δ-measure; analogous properties to that valid for Sobolev's spaces of functions defined on an arbitrary open interval of the real numbers are derived.This research is partially supported by D.G.I. and F.E.D.E.R. project MTM 2004-06652- C03-01, and by Xunta of Galicia and F.E.D.E.R. project PGIDIT05PXIC20702PN, SpainS

Multiple positive solutions in the sense of distributions of singular BVPs on time scales and an application to Emden-Fowler equations

This paper is devoted to using perturbation and variational techniques to derive some sufficient conditions for the existence of multiple positive solutions in the sense of distributions to a singular second-order dynamic equation with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions, which includes those problems related to the negative exponent Emden-Fowler equationThis research is partially supported by MEC and F.E.D.E.R. Project MTM2007-61724, and by Xunta of Galicia and F.E.D.E.R. Project PGIDIT05PXIC20702PN, SpainS

La variedad Albariño en el Valle del Salnés (D.O. Rias Baixas)

El Valle del Salnés es la subzona de la D.O. Rías Baixas con más del 50% de la superficie vitícola de la D.O.. Dentro de las variedades de uva cultivadas en esta D.O., la Albariño (Vitis vinifera L.) se destaca como la más representativa, suponiendo un 95% de la producción total (Consello Regulador D.O. Rías Baixas, datos cosecha 2009). En el presente trabajo, se realizó una caracterización aromática de la uva Albariño producida en el Valle del Salnés en la cosecha 2009

Expansion of CD8+CD57+ T Cells in an Immunocompetent Patient with Acute Toxoplasmosis

CD57+ T cells increase in several viral infections like cytomegalovirus, herpesvirus, parvovirus, HIV and hepatitis C virus and are associated with several clinical conditions related to immune dysfunction and ageing. We report for the first time an expansion of CD8+ CD57+ T cells in a young patient with an acute infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Our report supports the concept that CD8+ CD57+ T cells could be important in the control of chronic phase of intracellular microorganisms and that the high numbers of these cells may reflect the continuing survey of the immune system, searching for parasite proliferation in the tissues

Las células presentadoras de antígeno y su papel en el síndrome reproductivo y respiratorio porcino

Las células presentadoras de antígeno son aquellas células encargadas de capturar, procesar y presentar antígenos con la finalidad de lograr una respuesta inmune efectiva por parte del organismo. Su papel, como centinelas, es crucial durante el transcurso de diversas enfermedades infecciosas. El estudio de estas células tras la infección con el virus del Síndrome Reproductivo y Respiratorio Porcino nos da información para abordar nuevas estrategias de control frente a esta enfermedad.Antigen presenting cells are able to capture, process and present antigens in order to develop an effective immune response. The role of these cells during infectious diseases is crucial to control the disease. Thus, the study of these cells after the infection with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus gives us useful information on how to control this disease

Tectonosedimentary evolution of the Coastal Cordillera and Central Depression of south-Central Chile (36°30′-42°S)

The forearc of south-central Chile (36°30′-42°S) is characterized by the presence of a Coastal Cordillera and a low lying area known as the Central Depression. The origin of these morphostructural units has been largely debated. They have been ascribed to different ages between the Cretaceous and the Pliocene, and tectonic causes that involve extensional or contractional deformation and have been related to Andean evolution or accretionary processes in the forearc. To investigate the geologic evolution of the Coastal Cordillera and Central Depression in the cited area, we based on stratigraphy, sedimentology, geochronology (U[sbnd]Pb, LA-ICP-MS), structural geology, and geomorphology. Our studies, which are based on our own data and a thorough bibliographic review, indicate the following sequence of events in the tectono-sedimentary evolution of the forearc of south-central Chile during the late Cenozoic. The area was subjected to extensional tectonics caused by slab rollback during the Oligocene-early Miocene, resulting in the genesis of a series of basins filled with volcanic, continental, and marine deposits that extended from the present Chilean coast to the retroac. The extensional basins were tectonically inverted during the late Early-Late Miocene, and most of the forearc became a positive relief that was subjected to fluvial erosion. The West Andean Thrust, a major reverse west verging fault in the limit between the Central Depression and the Andean Cordillera, caused significant uplift of the western flank of the Andes. This triggered flexural subsidence and the accumulation of coarse-grained deposits in the forearc during the Pliocene-Pleistocene. The sudden increase of sediment flux to the trench during this period caused a change from non-accretion or subduction erosion to accretion in the margin of south-central Chile. Progressive growth of the accretionary wedge gave birth to a forearc high, the Coastal Cordillera, which was uplifted in the last 2 Ma. Some forearc areas placed above subducted oceanic fracture zones did not experience uplift during this period due to the significant transport of fluid that inhibited the deformation of the accretionary wedge. Our studies show that the late Cenozoic tectono-sedimentary evolution of the forearc in the study area is complex and involves different processes related to Andean evolution in the first stage and accretionary processes acting exclusively in the forearc in a second stage. The Coastal Cordillera and the Central Depression of south-central Chile were developed in the last 2 Ma and are much younger than classically considered.Fil: Encinas, A.. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Sagripanti, Lucía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez, M.P.. Universidad de Atacama.; ChileFil: Orts, Darío Leandro. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología; ArgentinaFil: Anavalón, A.. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Giroux, P.. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Otero, J.. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Echaurren Gonzalez, Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Zambrano, P.. Universidad Andrés Bello; ChileFil: Valencia, V.. Washington State University; Estados Unido

¿Existe relacion entre los parametros de composicion corporal y el riesgo de infección peritoneal (IP) en dialisis peritoneal (DP)?: estudio longitudinal

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Hydrographic variability (1994-2020) in the Ría de Vigo and adjacent shelf (NW Iberia)

The Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO-CSIC) carries out monthly oceanographic samplings at across-shelf sections off the northern Spanish coast under the monitoring program RADIALES (https://www.seriestemporales-ieo.net/). This is a multidisciplinary marine research effort addressing long-term variability issues at the ecosystem level (Bode et al., 2015; Valdés et al., 2002). Currently, the monitoring program includes 5 perpendicular coastal transects in Northern Spain: Santander, Gijón, Cudillero, A Coruña and Vigo. Focusing on the section located in the Ría de Vigo and adjacent shelf, we have analysed a 27-year time series (1994 - 2020) of temperature and salinity obtained through CTD profiles in three stations, two inside the Ría (~30 and ~40 m depth) and one in the mid-shelf (~90 m depth). This study summarizes the hydrographic variability in the region through the construction of a local climatology. In addition, long-term trends and interannual changes in seasonality are examined. The results show a change in the salinity regime in medium depth waters in 2013, although not in temperature. Near the surface, the temperature undergoes a negative shift from 2016, in correspondence with the entry of the AMO into a new negative phase