Cardiac arrest during anesthesia at a University Hospital in Nigeria

Background: We assessed the incidence and outcomes of cardiac arrest during anesthesia in the operating room at our university hospital. A previous study on intraoperative cardiac arrests covered a period from 1994-1998 and since then; anesthetic personnel, equipment, and workload have increased remarkably.Materials and Methods: After obtaining institutional ethics approval, we retrospectively reviewed patients’ hospital records such as anesthetic charts and register and ICU admission charts between 1st July 2005 and 30th June 2010. The cardiac arrests encountered during anesthesia was identified from anesthetic charts and followed‑up in the intensive care unit (ICU) for the first 24 h postoperatively. We consider that cardiac arrest occurred in any patient under anesthesia with asystole or ventricular fibrillation requiring cardiac compression or electrical defibrillation. We define recovery as an alive and non‑comatose patient 24‑h after the cardiac arrest.Results: During the study period, a total of 12,143 surgeries were done; the median age of all the patients was 30 years (range: 1 day-119 years). A total of 31 cardiac arrests identified (frequency 25.5:10,000; 95% confidence interval (CI) 17.7‑35.8) out of which 17 were nonfatal. Mortality related to anesthesia was 11.5:10,000 (95% CI 6.5‑18.9). The median age of patients with cardiac arrests was 39 years (range: 2 months–78 years). Overall, 80.7% cardiac arrests occurred in the American Society of Anesthesiologists’ (ASA) physical status 3-5. Cardiothoracic and neurosurgical operations accounted for 54.8% of the total cardiac arrests. The known risk factors identified among those who had cardiac arrest were, ASA physical status 3-5 (80.7%), procedures performed out‑of‑work hours (60%), and manually ventilating patients during general anesthesia (39%).Conclusion: Cardiac arrest during anesthesia is higher in poor risk patients (ASA 3-5) who are manually ventilated under general anesthesia and operated during out‑of‑work hours.Key words: Anesthesia, cardiac arrest, fatal, nonfatal, outcom

In silico sequence analysis, homology modeling and functional annotation of pectate lyase enzyme from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.

Protein structure is more evolutionary conserved than a DNA sequence. To gain more insight into the molecular mechanisms of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides pathogenesis, we analyzed a pectate lyase gene sequence at molecular level using bioinformatics approaches. We evaluated the sequence information of pectate lyase enzyme retrieved from NCBI database. We also interpreted its homology modeling, functional annotation. Based on homology modeling, three dimensional (3D) structure of the gene was constructed and interpreted. Several validation tests were computed to check the reliability of 3D structure. We found conserved domains in pectate lyase protein. These conserved domains have significant role for plant pathogens that use a set of pectate lyases as their main virulence factor and to initiate the symbiosis activity in different organism. The study has clear implications to annotate the role of pectate lyase gene and linked proteins associated. More insights into the structure of the gene will lead to annotate the role of this gene in different biological pathways.Keywords: Pectate lyase, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, sequence information, bioinformatics tool

Sources of resistance to cassava anthracnose disease

A total of 436 African landraces and 497 improved cassava genotypes were planted in 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999 growing seasons.. These were evaluated for their reactions to cassava anthracnose disease (CAD) under natural infection conditions at Ibadan (a high infection zone). The severity of the disease was determined by counting the total number of canker/plants and measuring the diameter the cankers. Data were collected at 6, 9 and 12 months after planting. The four-year data were pooled and subjected to statistical analysis. Result showed that of the 436 improved germplasm evaluated, 10 were resistant, 64 moderately resistant, 328 were moderately susceptible, and 95 were highly susceptible. The results also showed that 45 of the landraces were resistant, 87 moderately resistant, 354 were moderately susceptible, whereas 60 were highly susceptible. Of the resistant landraces and the improved, TME 19, TME 53, TME113, TME 244, TME 475, and TME 523; I85/02015 and I8700028 were completely free of cankers. The resistant genotypes have been introgressed into broad-based breeding populations to diversify resistance to CAD in newly improved genotypes.African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 4 (6), pp. 570-572, 200

Sources of resistance to cassava anthracnose disease

A total of 436 African landraces and 497 improved cassava genotypes were planted in 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999 growing seasons.. These were evaluated for their reactions to cassava anthracnose disease (CAD) under natural infection conditions at Ibadan (a high infection zone). The severity of the disease was determined by counting the total number of canker/plants and measuring the diameter the cankers. Data were collected at 6, 9 and 12 months after planting. The four-year data were pooled and subjected to statistical analysis. Result showed that of the 436 improved germplasm evaluated, 10 were resistant, 64 moderately resistant, 328 were moderately susceptible, and 95 were highly susceptible. The results also showed that 45 of the landraces were resistant, 87 moderately resistant, 354 were moderately susceptible, whereas 60 were highly susceptible. Of the resistant landraces and the improved, TME 19, TME 53, TME113, TME 244, TME 475, and TME 523; I85/02015 and I8700028 were completely free of cankers. The resistant genotypes have been introgressed into broad-based breeding populations to diversify resistance to CAD in newly improved genotypes

Sources of resistance to cassava anthracnose disease

A total of 436 African landraces and 497 improved cassava genotypes were planted in 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999 growing seasons.. These were evaluated for their reactions to cassava anthracnose disease (CAD) under natural infection conditions at Ibadan (a high infection zone). The severity of the disease was determined by counting the total number of canker/plants and measuring the diameter the cankers. Data were collected at 6, 9 and 12 months after planting. The four-year data were pooled and subjected to statistical analysis. Result showed that of the 436 improved germplasm evaluated, 10 were resistant, 64 moderately resistant, 328 were moderately susceptible, and 95 were highly susceptible. The results also showed that 45 of the landraces were resistant, 87 moderately resistant, 354 were moderately susceptible, whereas 60 were highly susceptible. Of the resistant landraces and the improved, TME 19, TME 53, TME113, TME 244, TME 475, and TME 523; I85/02015 and I8700028 were completely free of cankers. The resistant genotypes have been introgressed into broad-based breeding populations to diversify resistance to CAD in newly improved genotypes