What is Law for?... to Count up to Three

En las páginas que siguen, el autor, asumiendo sucesivamente una perspectiva propia de las ciencias sociales, una propia de la Teoría del Derecho y, finalmente, una de filosofía del Derecho, defiende una concepción del Derecho como una institución secundaria. Hablamos, así, de una reformulación o formulación de segundo grado de las relaciones sociales de base que introduce además el «escenario del tercero»; llevando a todos y a cada uno de los actores —tanto externa como internamente— a una auto-superación o trascendencia, colocándolos en una suerte de mundo simbólico donde hasta el propio Derecho se autocuestiona (es esta la naturaleza fuertemente interrogativa del mismo). Así caracterizada, esta institución secundaria cumple una serie de funciones sociales y unas finalidades que le son propias. Además y a través del «escenario del tercero» ( que nos lleva a la dimensión de la normatividad y de la justicia) tales se presentan como intrínsecamente unidas a la emancipación de los seres humanos respecto de los poderes puramente fácticos.Assuming a social science approach as well as, successively, a legal theoretical and a legal philosophical one, the author reconstructs the Law as a secondary institution. We speak both of a reformulation or a second degree formulation of social relation and of the introduction of the third person’s scenario, Agents are lead to a sort of symbolic world in an exercise of self-overcoming and transcendence. The Law itself is controversial, under-question (we refer here to its profoundly interrogative nature). Under these terms, this secondary institution serves its proper social functions and purposes. Particularly, the resort to the third person’s scenario (and thus the realm of normativity and justice) makes these functions and purposes be intrinsically connected to the emancipation of agents against purely factual powers

Tempo e contrato: crítica ao pacto fáustico

Etude du temps des contrats à partir du mythe de Faust et du pacte diaboliqueO texto explora conexões entre o tempo e o contrato a partir do mito de Fausto e do pacto feito por ele com Mefisto

The doctoral thesis in Law: From the project to the defense

Buscando examinar o processo de elaboração de uma tese doutoral em Direito, o artigo percorre todas as principais fases desse percurso, desde o projeto até o pós-tese. Mais do que examinar os aspectos metodológicos da pesquisa doutoral, a função da tese como instrumento de criação doutrinária é ponto abordado que perpassa toda a pesquisa, em especial no que concerne à condição da doutrina jurídica nos dias atuais.Palavras-chave: pesquisa jurídica, doutrina jurídica, tese de doutorado.Aiming to examine the process of elaboration of a doctoral thesis in Law, the article covers all the main phases of this journey, from the project to the post-thesis period. More than examining the methodological aspects of the doctoral research, the role of the thesis as an instrument for doctrinal creation is a point addressed through this paper, especially regarding the condition of legal doctrine nowadays.Keywords: legal research, legal doctrine, doctoral thesis

À quoi sert le droit ? À compter jusqu’à trois

À quoi sert le droit ? est la question que je traite dans un récent ouvrage sous-titré Usages, fonctions, finalités (Bruxelles, Bruylant, 2016, 578 pages). Je m’y interroge sur la plus-value apportée par le droit aux relations sociales en général, sans me dérober à l’hypothèse que, peut-être, le droit, concurrencé par tant d’autres systèmes normatifs, cessera bientôt de servir à quelque chose. Parmi les nombreux concepts susceptibles de traiter ma question, j’en ai retenu trois, dialectiquem..

Le récit et la loi

François Ost présente ici sa réflexion sur l’intrication du narratif et du juridique ainsi que sur l’inscription de chaque Loi dans une histoire, voire des histoires qui permettent d’en mieux comprendre le sens. Puisqu’il y a toujours une Loi qui précède la Loi à laquelle on s’intéresse, il propose l’examen des différents fonde­ments qu’on a pu donner à la Loi, depuis la Loi mo­saïque jusqu’au pacte faustien. Enfin, il examine à quoi mène la dissolution de la Loi.François Ost presents his reflection on the intricacy of the narrative and the judicial, as well as on the inscription of each body of Law inside a story, or even stories, which help better understand it. Since a body of Law always comes before the body one scrutinises, he puts forward an exam of the various grounds that have been given to the Law, from Moses’ Law to the Faustian pact. Finally, François Ost takes a look at the consequences of a dissolution of Law

Sodnika trije liki: Jupiter, Heraklej, Hermes

To, da nimamo nobenega naveznega lika sodnika in nobene enopomenske opredelitve tega poklica, izhaja danes precej manj iz odsotnosti ozirov kot iz njihovega preobilja. Preobilje ozirov je seveda znak ponovoveštva. Kaj naj vendar pravnik in posebej še sodnik nadene nase, da bo oblačilo ustrezalo številnim vlogam, ki jih od njega zahtevamo? – Akademik Ost začne razpravo z obuditvijo dveh skrajnjih likov pravnosti – Jupitra in Herakleja – da bi med njima izrisal Hermesa, ki s svojo zapletenostjo lahko nakaže pot pri opravljanju zahtevnih sodniških nalog. Jupiter pomeni klasični (celinski) lik modela prava s (transcedentnim in Svetim) zakonodajalcem in njegovim abstraktnim ter splošnim Zakonikom; s pravnim in političnim monizmom; z izpeljano in premočrtno racionalnostjo, izhajajočo iz vrha piramide in prežemajočo stopnjevito hierarhijo večidel zapovedujočih norm; s časnostjo, usmerjeno v obvladljivo prihodnost. Heraklej, na drugi strani, je zrcalna podoba zgornjega modela pravnosti. V lijak (Heraklej prenaša svet na svojih iztegnjenih rokah) je prezrcaljena že sama normativna piramida. Zdaj torišče oblasti ni več pri zakonodajalcu, ampak pri sodniku. Pravo se ne nahaja v zakonu, ampak v vsaki posamični in konkretni sodniški odločitvi. Pravni monizem se izgubi v pomnoževanju odločitev v posameznih primerih; politični monizem v razpršitvi odločujočih (sodnih) oblasti. Izpeljevana racionalnost iz pravil na dejstva je nadomeščena z napeljevalno racionalnostjo – iz dejstev na pravila. Praktična izvršljivost ima prednost pred logično notranjo skladnostjo. Čas pa je v tej podobi strgan in sporadičen. Ti dve podobi prava sta od resničnosti precej oddaljeni. Kljub temu pa bi bilo podcenjevanje učinkovitosti tovrstnih predstav velika napaka. Zato se obe podobi raje mehča in prilagaja, kot da bi se ju izganjalo iz učbenikov in iz domišljije. Jupiter se rado slika kot družbeno občutljivega zakonodajalca v dialogu s svojim ljudstvom; Heraklej pa kakor da bi se odtrgal od svoje človeške narave in se dvignil na raven neke višje racionalnosti in odgovornosti. A kaj ni čas, da bi se zapletenost prava mislila iz nje same, ne pa kot dodatek in zapletanje preprostih modelov? To skuša Ost doseči v tej razpravi z likom Hermesa. Vztrajajoč na mnoštvu pravnih vlog in mnogovrstnosti igralcev igre prava avtor utrdi, zakaj je pravo bolj ustrezno misliti kot neprestano kroženje pomena, in ne kot razpravljanje o resničnosti. Namesto z monizmom ali razpršenostjo je ponovoveško pravo oznamovano s prepletenim pluralizmom. Dvočleni absolutizem (veljavno/neveljavno, dovoljeno/prepovedano) se umika relativizmu in stopnjevitosti. Namesto premočrtnosti imamo ne začarano krožnost, ampak plodovito vztrajno ponavljanje. Namesto zapiranja diskurza in njegovega determinizma Hermes udejanja nadzorovano ustvarjalnost korenito hermenevtičnega pravnega razpravljanja. S tem odpira pot k teoriji raznovrstnega prava, k teoriji prava kot kroženja pomena, k igralni teoriji prava. Hermes je pač veliki sporočevalec, božji sel in sam bog trgovnih menjav. Kot tak pa je najznačilnejši lik v ponovoveškem omrežju prava.If we are lacking in our times a referential model for judges, it is paradoxically not as much because of the absence of references, but rather because of their abundance. This abundance is, of course, a sign of post-modernity, which likes to play with travesties. It is also true that in these times a judge has many roles to play. So, what is he to choose from the magazine of the accessories of justice? Which is the dress that would suite best his multitask profession? In order to present a referential model for a complex job, the author first presents us with two extreme though typical figures of juridicity: Jupiter and Hercules. Jupiter stands for the classical (continental) model of law: the (transcendental and sacred) legislator and his abstract and general code; legal and political monism; deductive and linear rationality spreading down the pyramid through a hierarchy of mostly imperative norms; a time, which is oriented towards a controllable future. Hercules, on the other hand, inverts this picture of law. It also inverts the pyramid of norms. It is the judge and not the legislator who is here in power. The law is found not in the code but in every single and concrete judicial decision. Legal monism is thus lost in proliferation of case-law; political monism in dispersion of law-making authorities. Deductive rationality of rules is substituted for inductive rationality coming from facts. Practical performance is given preference over logical coherence. The time is, in this picture, discontinued. These two figures may well give an inadequate representation of our legal reality. The efficacy of such representations, however, shall not be underestimated. This is why these models are rather being softened and accommodated than eliminated from our schoolbooks and imaginary. It is often shown how Jupiter discuses with his people; and how Hercules is able to stay above his human condition… Nonetheless, is it not time to think complexity of law from within, instead of through a complication of some simple models? This is what the author tries to accomplish by sketching the figure of Hermes. Insisting on the multiple roles and players of the legal game, the author shows why law is more a circulation of meaning, than a truth-discourse. Instead of by monism and dispersion, the model of post-modern law is characterised by articulated pluralism. Binary absolutism (valid/invalid, permitted/prohibited) gives place to relativism and gradualism. Instead of linearity, there comes not vicious circularity but productive recursivity. Instead of closure and determinism of discourse, Hermes manifests controlled inventiveness of a radically hermeneutic legal discourse. He is supposed to show the way to a theory of multiple law; a theory of law as a multidirectional circulation of meaning; a game theory of law. Hermes is the great communicator, a messenger of gods. He is himself the god of intermediation and, as such, he seems to be the most representative character of the post-modern legal discourse

Oligorecurrent nodal prostate cancer: radiotherapy quality assurance of the randomized PEACE V-STORM phase II trial.

PURPOSE Aim of this study is to report the results of the radiotherapy quality assurance program of the PEACE V-STORM randomized phase II trial for pelvic nodal oligorecurrent prostate cancer (PCa). MATERIAL AND METHODS A benchmark case (BC) consisting of a postoperative case with 2 nodal recurrences was used for both stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT, 30 Gy/3 fx) and whole pelvic radiotherapy (WPRT, 45 Gy/25 fx + SIB boost to 65 Gy). RESULTS BC of 24 centers were analyzed. The overall grading for delineation variation of the 1st BC was rated as 'UV' (Unacceptable Variation) or 'AV' (Acceptable Variation) for 1 and 7 centers for SBRT (33%), and 3 and 8 centers for WPRT (46%), respectively. An inadequate upper limit of the WPRT CTV (n=2), a missing delineation of the prostate bed (n=1), and a missing nodal target volume (n=1 for SBRT and WPRT) constituted the observed 'UV'. With the 2nd BC (n=11), the overall delineation review showed 2 and 8 'AV' for SBRT and WPRT, respectively, with no 'UV'. For the plan review of the 2nd BC, all treatment plans were per protocol for WPRT. SBRT plans showed variability in dose normalization (Median D90% = 30.1 Gy, range 22.9-33.2Gy and 30.6 Gy, range 26.8-34.2Gy for nodes 1 and 2 respectively). CONCLUSIONS Up to 46% of protocol deviations were observed in delineation of WPRT for nodal oligorecurrent PCa, while dosimetric results of SBRT showed the greatest disparities between centers. Repeated BC resulted in an improved adherence to the protocol, translating in an overall acceptable contouring and planning compliance rate among participating centers