La double logique des relations Église/État en Suisse. Une perspective de théorie politique

En Suisse, la régulation de la religion par l’autorité étatique fédérale comporte deux moments essentiels : le premier, d’esprit libéral, est de garantir les libertés individuelles. Il est orienté vers ce que la philosophie politique appelle la liberté négative, liberté considérée comme une barrière contre toute restriction injustifiée de l’autonomie personnelle. Le deuxième moment prévu par la Constitution fédérale suisse, que l’on peut appeler moment communautarien, est la dévolution aux cantons de la régulation précise et concrète de la religion selon leurs traditions politico-religieuses propres. Au lieu de décréter de manière centralisatrice la validité sur tout le territoire d’un même modèle de régulation, le principe fédéraliste, tel qu’il est compris en Suisse, renvoie à chaque canton la compétence d’organiser la religion comme il l’entend, pourvu que les libertés de base des individus soient respectées. De ces deux moments naît une architecture institutionnelle complexe, susceptible d’engendrer des inégalités de traitement, mais qui respecte par ailleurs les aspirations démocratiques et les traditions d’auto-gouvernement des cantons.In Switzerland, the regulation of religion by the federal government has two main features: the first one, in a liberal spirit, consists in the constitutional guarantee of basic liberties, including religious liberties. It is what political philosophy calls negative liberty, a protection against any unjustified restriction to individual autonomy. The second feature, which can be named the communitarian moment, is the devolution to the cantons (the members of the federal State) of the precise and concrete regulation of religion according to their own political and religious traditions. Instead of deciding in a centralizing and standardizing way a single model of regulation which would be applied in the whole country, the federalist principles, as understood in Switzerland, let each canton the competence of organizing religious matters provided that the basic individual and negative liberties are fully respected. These two features shape a complex institutional design, which may generate some inequalities between religious communities but which respects the democratic aspirations and the traditions of self-government of the cantons.En Suiza, la regulación de la religión por la autoridad estatal federal comporta dos momentos esenciales: el primero, de espíritu liberal, es el de garantizar las libertades individuales. Está orientado hacia lo que la filosofía política llama la libertad negativa, libertad considerada como una barrera contra toda restricción injustificada en la autonomía personal. El segundo momento previsto por la Constitución federal suiza, que podríamos llamar momento comunitarista, es la devolución a los cantones de la regulación precisa y concreta de la religión según sus propias tradiciones político-religiosas. En lugar de decretar de manera centralizadora la validez en todo el territorio de un mismo modelo de regulación, el principio federal, tal como es entendido en Suiza, atribuye a cada cantón la competencia de organizar la religión como éste la comprende, con la condición que las libertades de base de los individuos sean respetadas. De estos dos momentos nace una arquitectura institucional compleja, susceptible de generar desigualdades de tratamiento, pero que respeta por otro lado las aspiraciones democráticas y las tradiciones de auto-gobierno de los cantones

La recherche anthropologique dans l’enseignement en travail social

A Sabine Voélin et Gaëlle Aeby, qui ont enseigné en même temps que moi la sociologie et l’anthropologie dans le module C4, ainsi qu’à Milena Chimienti et Anne Lavanchy, qui ont repris et développé avec brio ces enseignements lorsque j’ai dû les abandonner pour d’autres responsabilités. Introduction Des projets de recherche ont toujours été menés depuis la création du CERES (Centre de recherche sociale) en 1968. Toutefois, depuis que l’Institut d’études sociales (IES) s’est transformé en 2004 ..

RECENSION DE LA TRADUCTION DE LA VIE DE TOURGUÉNIEV DE BORIS ZAITSEV, TRADUCTION RÉALISÉE PAR ANNE KICHILOV (PARIS : YMCA-PRESS, 2018)

The review examines the French translation of the book “The Life of Turgenev” by Boris Zaytsev, published in the spring of 2018. That variant of Ivan Turgenev biography was originally published in Russian in Paris, in 1949. However, it took more than half a century to give the French public a chance to get to know the life of the Russian writer better, thanks to the French translation of the book by Boris Zaytsev. The study of Turgenev’s life is relevant, on the one hand, due to the fact that his works have French roots and the year of 2018 marks the 200th anniversary of his birth. On the other hand, the resurgence of interest in the personality of the Russian writer was brought about by the publication of the French translation of his biography written by Boris Zaytsev. The method of comparative analysis applied in the review made it possible to compare the biography written by Zaytsev to previous biographies of Ivan Turgenev in French. It should be noted that Boris Zaytsev is still little known to the French readers. However, the biography of Ivan Turgenev written by him has a special artistic value, as there is a definite and very deep spiritual relationship between him and the writer himself. The objective of this review is to assess the quality of the translation made by the French translator Anna Kishilov. It is necessary to pay tribute to the work of the translator, who successfully managed to convey not only the richness of Boris Zaytsev’s Russian language, but also preserve the originality of his style, as well as many nuances and details in Ivan Turgenev’s life description. The conclusion is made that thanks to this translation of the biography of Ivan Turgenev, the French readers will discover the impressionistic style of the original text, sometimes ironic, sometimes slightly melancholic. Miraculously enough, Anna Kishilov has managed to convey the unique style of Boris Zaytsev

The adhesion molecule Necl-3/SynCAM-2 localizes to myelinated axons, binds to oligodendrocytes and promotes cell adhesion

Background: Cell adhesion molecules are plasma membrane proteins specialized in cell-cell recognition and adhesion. Two related adhesion molecules, Necl-1 and Necl-2/SynCAM, were recently described and shown to fulfill important functions in the central nervous system. The purpose of the work was to investigate the distribution, and the properties of Necl-3/SynCAM-2, a previously uncharacterized member of the Necl family with which it shares a conserved modular organization and extensive sequence homology. Results: We show that Necl-3/SynCAM-2 is a plasma membrane protein that accumulates in several tissues, including those of the central and peripheral nervous system. There, Necl-3/SynCAM-2 is expressed in ependymal cells and in myelinated axons, and sits at the interface between the axon shaft and the myelin sheath. Several independent assays demonstrate that Necl-3/SynCAM-2 functionally and selectively interacts with oligodendrocytes. We finally prove that Necl-3/SynCAM-2 is a bona fide adhesion molecule that engages in homo- and heterophilic interactions with the other Necl family members, leading to cell aggregation. Conclusion: Collectively, our manuscripts and the works onNecl-1 and SynCAM/Necl-2 reveal a complex set of interactions engaged in by the Necl proteins in the nervous system. Our work also support the notion that the family of Necl proteins fulfils key adhesion and recognition functions in the nervous system, in particular between different cell types

The generic intertext of psalms in the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva (1892-1941)

This study investigates the presence of the genre of psalms in Tsvetaeva's poetry by means of Alastaire Fowler's theory of the historical persistence of literary genres throughout history. The main argument is that in her intertextual use of psalms Tsvetaeva develops further some of their typical features such as the expression of bafflement at God's passivity or an over-familiarity in addressing God; although these features are already present in psalms, they are not given a full-blown realisation because of the religious restrictions reigning at the time and context in which they were written. Chapter One presents the theoretical tools used in this research, namely the concomitant concepts of intertextuality and genre: intertextuality focuses on how texts differ from one another, while genre theory highlights the resemblance existing between a set of texts. Taken together these concepts offer a balanced and multisided approach. Chapter Two presents the psalms and outlines its importance in Russian poetry. It also discusses Tsvetaeva's spiritual outlook. Chapter Three demonstrates that the integration of the generic intertext of psalms into Tsvetaeva's poetry results in the modification of their praying function: Tsvetaeva's psalm-like praises to God contain a veiled expression of doubt that is absent from the Psalter; another change of the praying function of psalms performed in Tsvetaeva's poetry consists in the implicit denunciation of the absence of a feminine voice. Chapter Four shows that Tsvetaeva's mixture of the psalmic intertext with the genre of diary-writing, epistolary writing and folk songs create a fruitful interaction between the universal tone of the psalmist and the private concerns voiced in diary, letters or folk laments. Chapter Five shows that in her poetry Tsvetaeva develops further some typical features of psalms such as the theme of the sacred land and that of God's passivity

The generic intertext of psalms in the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva (1892-1941)

This study investigates the presence of the genre of psalms in Tsvetaeva's poetry by means of Alastaire Fowler's theory of the historical persistence of literary genres throughout history. The main argument is that in her intertextual use of psalms Tsvetaeva develops further some of their typical features such as the expression of bafflement at God's passivity or an over-familiarity in addressing God; although these features are already present in psalms, they are not given a full-blown realisation because of the religious restrictions reigning at the time and context in which they were written. Chapter One presents the theoretical tools used in this research, namely the concomitant concepts of intertextuality and genre: intertextuality focuses on how texts differ from one another, while genre theory highlights the resemblance existing between a set of texts. Taken together these concepts offer a balanced and multisided approach. Chapter Two presents the psalms and outlines its importance in Russian poetry. It also discusses Tsvetaeva's spiritual outlook. Chapter Three demonstrates that the integration of the generic intertext of psalms into Tsvetaeva's poetry results in the modification of their praying function: Tsvetaeva's psalm-like praises to God contain a veiled expression of doubt that is absent from the Psalter; another change of the praying function of psalms performed in Tsvetaeva's poetry consists in the implicit denunciation of the absence of a feminine voice. Chapter Four shows that Tsvetaeva's mixture of the psalmic intertext with the genre of diary-writing, epistolary writing and folk songs create a fruitful interaction between the universal tone of the psalmist and the private concerns voiced in diary, letters or folk laments. Chapter Five shows that in her poetry Tsvetaeva develops further some typical features of psalms such as the theme of the sacred land and that of God's passivity

Introduction

En 1969, l’Institut d’études sociales a créé son Centre de recherche sociale, le CERES. Au moment de fêter ses 50 ans d’existence, les membres de ce laboratoire proposent une réflexion sur la place et la fonction de la recherche au sein d’une Haute école de travail social en 2018. Au fil du temps, la recherche en travail social a pris différentes formes et visé différents buts, les exigences ont évolué, cette recherche s’est affirmée. Si ce domaine d’enquête est désormais reconnu comme champ ..

Stable conditional expression and effect of C/EBPβ-LIP in adipocytes using the pSLIK system

Murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes are widely used as a cellular model of obesity. However, whereas transfection of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes is straightforward, ectopic gene expression in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes has proved challenging. Here, we used the pSLIK vector system to generate stable doxycycline-inducible expression of the liver-enriched inhibitor protein isoform of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) {beta} (C/EBP{beta}-LIP) in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Because overexpression of C/EBP{beta}-LIP impairs adipocyte differentiation, the C/EBP{beta}-LIP construct was first integrated in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes but expression was induced only when adipocytes were fully differentiated. Increased C/EBP{beta}-LIP in mature adipocytes down-regulated C/EBP{beta} target genes including 11{beta}-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and fatty acid binding protein 4, but had no effect on asparagine synthetase, demonstrating that transcriptional down-regulation by C/EBP{beta}-LIP in 3T3-L1 adipocytes is not a general effect. Importantly, these genes were modulated in a similar manner in adipose tissue of mice with genetically increased C/EBP{beta}-LIP levels. The use of the pSLIK system to conditionally express transgenes in 3T3-L1 cells could be a valuable tool to dissect adipocyte physiology

TFIIH: a key component in multiple DNA transactions

The transcription factor TFIIH is a versatile, multi-functional protein complex with multiple engagements. Apart from its role in basal transcription, TFIIH is intimately implicated in DNA repair and (probably) in cell cycle control (both of which are required to prevent carcinogenesis) as well as having possible roles in other processes. Thus, it is a striking example of the efficient use of one component for many purposes. Ingeniously, the incorporation of this essential factor into important, but non-essential, mechanisms, such as DNA repair, protects against cancer. The critical role of TFIIH in transcription function renders inactivating TFIIH mutations lethal to cells. Without this transcription connection, such mutations would lead to genetic instability and oncogenesis

Upstream open reading frames: Molecular switches in (patho)physiology

Conserved upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are found within many eukaryotic transcripts and are known to regulate protein translation. Evidence from genetic and bioinformatic studies implicates disturbed uORF-mediated translational control in the etiology of human diseases. A genetic mouse model has recently provided proof-of-principle support for the physiological relevance of uORF-mediated translational control in mammals. The targeted disruption of the uORF initiation codon within the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) gene resulted in deregulated C/EBPβ protein isoform expression, associated with defective liver regeneration and impaired osteoclast differentiation. The high prevalence of uORFs in the human transcriptome suggests that intensified search for mutations within 5′ RNA leader regions may reveal a multitude of alterations affecting uORFs, causing pathogenic deregulation of protein expression