Incomegetting and Environmental Degradation

Drawing on Alfred Schütz’s thought, as well as on a number of modern pragmatists and practice theorists, we theorize incomegetting—referring to practices of getting income, typically salaried work—as the paramount structurer of everyday life and, therefore, also the chief mediator of the human–nature metabolism. Even though the pragmatics of everyday life as an aggregate underlie the bulk of environmental impacts, these insidious impacts impose little immediate influence on everyday life, in particular in the urban Global North. In other words, the pragmatic dimension of everyday activities—principally, work—that takes place within a vastly complex and globally interlinked productive world system, has most often no immediate connection to the “natural” environment. While parts of the populations are directly dependent in terms of livelihoods on the “natural” environment, these populations are typically pushed to the margins of the global productive system. The understanding formulated in this essay suggests that in environmental social sciences there is a reason to shift the epicenter of the analysis from consumption to everyday life, to the varied practices of incomegetting. Against the backdrop of this paper, universal basic income schemes ought to have radical impacts on the way we relate also to the “natural” environment and such schemes necessitate understanding the essence of money in our contemporary realities

Incomegetting and Environmental Degradation

Drawing on Alfred Schütz’s thought, as well as on a number of modern pragmatists and practice theorists, we theorize incomegetting—referring to practices of getting income, typically salaried work—as the paramount structurer of everyday life and, therefore, also the chief mediator of the human–nature metabolism. Even though the pragmatics of everyday life as an aggregate underlie the bulk of environmental impacts, these insidious impacts impose little immediate influence on everyday life, in particular in the urban Global North. In other words, the pragmatic dimension of everyday activities—principally, work—that takes place within a vastly complex and globally interlinked productive world system, has most often no immediate connection to the “natural” environment. While parts of the populations are directly dependent in terms of livelihoods on the “natural” environment, these populations are typically pushed to the margins of the global productive system. The understanding formulated in this essay suggests that in environmental social sciences there is a reason to shift the epicenter of the analysis from consumption to everyday life, to the varied practices of incomegetting. Against the backdrop of this paper, universal basic income schemes ought to have radical impacts on the way we relate also to the “natural” environment and such schemes necessitate understanding the essence of money in our contemporary realities

Ecological and behavioral drivers of supplemental feeding use by roe deer Capreolus capreolus in a peri-urban context

Winter supplemental feeding of ungulates potentially alters their use of resources and ecological interactions, yet relatively little is known about the patterns of feeding sites use by target populations. We used camera traps to continuously monitor winter and spring feeding site use in a roe deer population living in a peri-urban area in Northern Italy. We combined circular statistics with generalized additive and linear mixed models to analyze the diel and seasonal pattern of roe deer visits to feeding sites, and the behavioral drivers influencing visit duration. Roe deer visits peaked at dawn and dusk, and decreased from winter to spring when vegetation regrows and temperature increases. Roe deer mostly visited feeding sites solitarily; when this was not the case, they stayed longer at the site, especially when conspecifics were eating, but maintained a bimodal diel pattern of visits. These results support an opportunistic use of feeding sites, following seasonal cycles and the roe deer circadian clock. Yet, the attractiveness of these artificial resources has the potential to alter intra-specific relationships, as competition for their use induces gatherings and may extend the contact time between individuals, with potential behavioral and epidemiological consequences

Yhdysvaltain intressit Osmanien valtakunnassa 1893–1897

Tiivistelmä. Tutkielma käsittelee Yhdysvaltain intressejä Osmanivaltiossa presidentti Grover Clevelandin toisella kaudella 1893–1897. Erityisesti huomiota kiinnitetään siihen, miten Osmanien valtakunnassa 1894–1896 esiintyneet levottomuudet vaikuttivat amerikkalaisten ulkopoliittiseen toimintaan alueella

Realization and characterization of graphitic contacts on diamond by means of laser

This work deals with the realization and characterization of integrated graphitic contacts on diamond by means of laser irradiation (graphitization), in order to obtain good quality ohmic electrodes for nuclear radiation detectors to be used in high energy physics experiments. Unlike the conventional method used for the electrode production, which requires numerous steps and very well controlled environmental conditions, this alternative technique presents many advantages: the contacts are realized in air at room temperature in a single step. In this study, the characteristics of several graphitic structures realized on a diamond surface by changing the radiation-matter interaction parameters have been evaluated in order to define the best experimental conditions to create graphitic electrodes with low resistivity. The obtained results are promising: contacts perfectly adherent, with good charge collection properties, stable and resistant to ionizing radiation

Impact of tillage intensity on arable soil microbial communities, physical parameters and plant pathogen suppressiveness

The aim is to develop innovative and feasible agro-environmental technology for improvement of environmental sustainability of cultivation methods by increasing soil crop cover taking advantage of ecosystem services of soil microbes to suppress crop pathogens as an alternative system for chemical control. Studies were conducted at six long term experimental field sites with no-till and till treatment plots cultivated mainly with spring cereals. Four automatic continuous monitoring stations were established (2009) on two experimental fields

From Extractivism to Global Extractivism : The Evolution of an Organizing Concept

All the named authors were members of the Helsinki Research Working Group on Global Extractivisms and Alternatives, who jointly constructed this article. Equal authorship by all authors is recognised.Research on extractivism has rapidly proliferated, expanding into new empirical and conceptual spaces. We examine the origins, evolution, and conceptual expansion of the concept. Extractivism is useful to analyze resource extraction practices around the world. ‘Global Extractivism’ is a new conceptual tool for assessing global phenomena. We situate extractivism within an ensemble of concepts, and explore its relation to development, the state, and value. Extractivism as an organizing concept addresses many fields of research. Extractivism forms a complex of self-reinforcing practices, mentalities, and power differentials underwriting and rationalizing socio-ecologically destructive modes of organizing life-through subjugation, depletion, and non-reciprocity.Peer reviewe

Diamond graphitization by laser-writing for all-carbon detector applications

The surface of a detector grade CVD polycrystalline diamond sample (5 × 5 × 0.05 mm3) was irradiated by an ArF excimer laser (λ = 193 nm, τ = 20 ns) to produce graphitic conductive layers. In particular, two sets of four parallel graphitic strip-like contacts, with 1 mm pitch, were created along the whole sample on the top and on the rear surfaces of the sample respectively. The two series of stripes lie normally to each other. Such a grid allows to obtain a segmented all-carbon device capable of giving bi-dimensional information on particle detection processes in nuclear applications. Afterwards, an extensive characterization of the samples was performed: SEM and micro-Raman investigations to study the morphological and structural evolution of the irradiated areas, EDS measurements to individuate any absorption phenomena from environment associated to laser treatment, and nanoindentation mapping to understand how the hard-soft transformation occurred depending on the locally transferred energy. Finally, current-voltage analyses were carried out checking the ohmic behavior of the diamond-graphite contact. By comparing the results of the different characterization analyses, a strong periodicity of the modified surface properties was found, confirming the reliability and reproducibility of the laser-induced graphitization process. The results demonstrate that the laser-writing technique is a good and fast solution to produce graphitic contacts on diamond surface and therefore represents a promising way to fabricate segmented all-carbon devices

Within-individual analysis of pain and sickness absence among employees from low and high occupational classes: a record linkage study

Objectives Pain is linked to an increased risk of sickness absence (SA); however, the extent to which unmeasured time-invariant differences explain this association is yet unknown. Therefore, we determined the within-individual associations between pain and short-term (in the survey year) and long-term (2 years following the survey years) SA risk in high and low occupational classes while controlling for the potential bias due to unobservable time-invariant characteristics. Methods The Helsinki Health Study data consisting of midlife public sector employees with mailed surveys from up to four time points, and SA record linkage were used (3983 persons). The within-individual estimates were calculated using hybrid negative binomial regression models. Results Acute/subacute pain was associated with a 13% increase in the rate of short-term SA days (incidence rate ratio 1.13 [95% CI 1.01 to 1.27]), while the association was somewhat stronger for chronic pain (1.32 [1.19–1.47]). For the employees in the low occupational class, these associations were robust (1.29 [1.10–1.50] for acute/subacute and 1.43 [1.23–1.66] for chronic pain), whereas only chronic pain was associated with SA among those in the high occupational class (1.25 [1.08–1.46]). Chronic pain was also associated with SA days in the long term without occupational class differences. Similar results were obtained for multisite pain (pain in several locations). Conclusions These results indicate that particularly chronic and multisite pain have a within-individual link to SA but ignoring unobservable differences between those reporting pain and those not might yield overstated effect sizes. Pain might have a different relation to SA in low and high occupational classes.TL and AH are supported by the Academy of Finland (Grants #287488 and #319200). AK is supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) (grant ES/L007509/1). OR is supported by the Academy of Finland (grant 1294514) and the Juho Vainio Foundation. OP is supported by the Academy of Finland (grant 1294514). MM is supported by the Finnish Work Environment Fund (grant 115182) and the Juho Vainio Foundation. PB is supported by a Future Fellowship from the Australian Research Council (FT13101444)