Efectos de los Antibióticos y Óxido de Zinc y su retirada en el microbioma de los cerdos al destete

Post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) is an infectious disease that causes significant productive and economic losses in pig production and often requires antimicrobial use. Antibiotic prophylaxis and metaphylaxis in animals are subject to more and more restrictions, especially in the EU, due to the risk of antimicrobial resistance. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) used in a range of 1500-3000ppm (dose referred as therapeutic or pharmacological) is also an effective treatment to prevent PWD. However, its therapeutic use was banned in the EU on the 28th of July 2022 due to environmental risk of soil pollution associated to its use. Finding alternative strategies to the use of antibiotics and ZnO to control PWD is crucial to ensure optimum levels of animal health and welfare and the economic viability of pig farms, ultimately resulting in high quality food production. A key step to find alternative strategies to the use of antibiotics and ZnO is to understand in detail their effects in the microbiome and the animal. This thesis focuses on the effects on the microbiome. The main causative agent of PWD is enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Antibiotics and ZnO are effective controlling E. coli overgrowth during the post-weaning period, although the exact mechanism of action of ZnO is not completely understood. On the other hand, microbiome dysbiosis occurring immediately post-weaning is described as both a possible risk factor and consequence of PWD. ZnO stabilizes the gut microbiome avoiding this dysbiosis, yet the exact taxonomic and functional changes triggered by ZnO in the microbiome are not completely characterized. In this thesis, we used shotgun whole metagenome sequencing to explore the effects of ZnO and antibiotics both, at species and functional level, in pigs gut microbiome in the first weeks post-weaning. In chapter 2, we studied the effects of ZnO and apramycin on the gut microbiome of the piglet a week post-weaning. Both, ZnO and apramycin had marked effects in gut microbiome taxonomy and functionality. Pigs fed the control diet with no ZnO or apramycin (Ct) exhibited high abundance of E. coli harbouring several virulence factors in animals not showing clinical signs of diarrhoea. This study was carried out in a low disease, high hygiene and biosecurity experimental farm where effects of different cleaning procedures were assessed as well. Treatment was the factor with strongest effect on the microbiome, whereas cleaning procedures had no remarkable effects. Given the results observed in the first study, the following studies described in chapters 3 and 4 were conducted in commercial farms to explore the effects of ZnO and antibiotics in commercial environments and between-farms variability in gut microbiome composition. Chapter 3 studied the impact of antibiotics and ZnO in pig microbiome comparing farms that had successfully removed ZnO and antibiotics to farms frequently using ZnO and antibiotic prophylaxis and metaphylaxis at weaning. Pig microbiome of farms using ZnO and antibiotics exhibited changes at days 7 and 14 post-weaning both at taxonomic and functional levels; these changes being more apparent in diarrhoea samples of 7 days post-weaning. Analysis of the environmental microbiome revealed a weak contribution of the environment to the gut microbiome of piglets, which shared few species early after weaning and within the 2 weeks post-weaning period studied. Chapter 4 studied the effects of removing antibiotics and ZnO on the microbiome of farms regularly using ZnO and antibiotics as prophylaxis and metaphylaxis. Results showed that antibiotics, and especially ZnO, maintain a stable microbiome composition (taxonomical and functional), inhibiting E. coli overgrowth both in normal and diarrhoeic conditions. Removal of ZnO and antibiotics generated an increase of E. coli abundance, as well as virulence related genes associated to the higher abundance of E. coli. Lastly, in chapter 5, e discussed the utility of shotgun sequencing in the study of microbiome changes caused by ZnO and diarrhoea, that could be triggered by antimicrobial and notantimicrobial ZnO-associated effects (both taxonomical and functional), and the effects of ZnO maintaining gut microbiome stability during the most critical period of post-weaning stage. From the results obtained in this thesis, the author concludes that weaning induces a sudden transition from a suckling pig microbiome to an adult like microbiome. The use of antibiotics and ZnO had a strong influence in this microbiome transition after weaning preventing piglet’s gut microbiome dysbiosis by inhibiting E. coli overgrowth and hence the presence of its associated virulence factors related genes as well as promoting a stable transition to an adult-like microbiome. Finally, environmental microbiota (i.e., weaning room environment) exerts minor effects on the composition of the microbiome of the piglet.La diarrea pos-destete (PWD, del inglés post-weaning diarrhoea) es una enfermedad infecciosa que causa pérdidas productivas y económicas en producción porcina y que a menudo requiere el uso de antimicrobianos. El uso profiláctico y metafiláctico de estos antimicrobianos para el tratamiento de la PWD está sujeto a cada vez más restricciones, especialmente en la UE, debido al riesgo de resistencias antimicrobianas. El óxido de zinc (ZnO) usado en concentraciones de 1500 a 3000ppm (referidas como concentraciones terapéuticas o farmacológicas) también se usa como un tratamiento eficaz para prevenir la PWD. Su uso se prohibió el 28 de julio de 2022 en la UE debido al riesgo ambiental de contaminación del suelo asociado a su uso. Encontrar estrategias alternativas al uso de los antibióticos y del ZnO es crucial para mantener los niveles óptimos de salud y bienestar animal, así como la rentabilidad de las granjas, asegurando la producción de alimentos de alta calidad. Un primer paso clave para encontrar estas estrategias alternativas a los antibióticos y el ZnO es entender en detalle sus efectos de en el microbioma y en el animal. Esta tesis se centrar en los efectos en el microbioma. El principal agente causal de la PWD es Escherichia coli enterotoxigénica. El ZnO y los antibióticos son efectivos para controlar el crecimiento excesivo de E. coli durante este período, aunque el mecanismo de acción exacto del ZnO no está totalmente claro. Por otro lado, la disbiosis del microbioma que ocurre en los días posteriores al destete uno de los nuevos posibles factores de riesgo y a su vez consecuencias descritas de la PWD. Se cree que el ZnO estabiliza el microbioma intestinal, pero hasta el momento, los cambios taxonómicos y funcionales exactos que provoca no están bien caracterizados. En esta tesis, utilizamos la secuenciación del metagenoma completo para caracterizar el efecto que tanto el ZnO como los antibióticos tienen en el microbioma intestinal del cerdo tanto a nivel taxonómico como funcional, en las primeras semanas posteriores al destete. En el capítulo 2, estudiamos el efecto del ZnO y de la apramicina en la respuesta del microbioma intestinal del cerdo al destete una semana pos-destete. Ambos tuvieron efectos marcados en la taxonomía y funcionalidad del microbioma intestinal. Los cerdos alimentados con dieta control sin ZnO ni antibióticos (Ct) exhibieron una gran abundancia de E. coli, que portaba varios factores de virulencia en animales que no mostraban signos clínicos de diarrea. Este estudio se realizó en una granja experimental de baja patología con altos niveles de higiene y bioseguridad en la que también se evaluaron los efectos de diferentes procedimientos de limpieza. El tratamiento fue el factor con mayor efecto en el microbioma, mientras que los procedimientos de limpieza no tuvieron efectos notables. Dados los resultados observados en el primer estudio, los siguientes estudios descritos en los capítulos 3 y capítulo 4 se realizaron en granjas comerciales para explorar los efectos de los antibióticos y el ZnO en entornos comerciales y la variabilidad entre granjas en la composición del microbioma intestinal. En el capítulo 3, se compararon granjas que usaban antibióticos y ZnO con granjas que los habían retirado. El microbioma de las granjas que utilizaban ZnO y antibióticos exhibió diferencias en los días 7 y 14 posteriores al destete, tanto a nivel de taxonómico como funcional; diferencias más evidentes en muestras de diarrea de 7 días post destete. El análisis del microbioma ambiental reveló una contribución débil al microbioma de los lechones, que compartían algunas especies consideradas como “core” que permanecían en el ambiente limpio de la sala de destete y en muestras iniciales y recogidas a las 2 semanas posdestete. En el capítulo 4 se estudió el impacto de la retirada de los antibióticos y ZnO en el microbioma porcino en granjas que utilizaban habitualmente antimicrobianos de forma profiláctica y metafiláctica al destete. Los resultados mostraron que los antibióticos, y sobretodo el ZnO, mantienen la composición del microbioma estable (taxonómica y funcionalmente), inhibiendo el crecimiento excesivo de E. coli tanto en condiciones normales como en diarrea. La retirada de ZnO y antibióticos en estas granjas generó un aumento en la abundancia de E. coli, así como genes relacionados con la virulencia asociados a la mayor abundancia de E. coli. Por último, en el capítulo 5, discutimos la utilidad de la secuenciación por medio de “Shotgun” en el estudio de los cambios en el microbioma causados por el ZnO y la diarrea, que podrían desencadenarse por efectos antimicrobianos y no antimicrobianos asociados al ZnO (tanto taxonómica como funcionalmente), y los efectos de ZnO manteniendo la estabilidad del microbioma intestinal durante el período más crítico de la etapa posterior al destete. De los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis, el autor concluye que el destete induce una transición brusca de un microbioma de lechón lactante a un microbioma de cerdo adulto. El uso de antibióticos y ZnO tiene una fuerte influencia en la transición del microbioma después del destete, previniendo la disbiosis intestinal en el microbioma del lechón al inhibir el crecimiento excesivo de E. coli y, por lo tanto, la presencia de sus genes relacionados con factores de virulencia, así como promover una transición estable hacia un microbioma similar al de un animal adulto. Finalmente, la microbiota ambiental (la presente en la sala de destete) ejerció efectos menores en la composición del microbioma de los lechones

New objects in old structures: The Iron Age hoard of the Palacio III megalithic funerary complex (Almadén de la Plata, Seville, Spain)

Cultural contact, exchange and interaction feature high in the list of challenging topics of current research on European Prehistory. Not far off is the issue of the changing role of monuments in the making and maintaining of key cultural devices such as memory and identity. Addressing both these highly-debated issues from a science-based perspective, in this paper we look at an unusual case study set in southern Iberia and illustrate how these archaeological questions can benefit from robust materials-science approaches.We present the contextual, morphological and analytical study of an exceptional Early Iron Age hoard composed of a number of different (and mostly exotic) materials such as amber, quartz, silver and ceramic. This hoard, found under the fallen orthostat of a megalithic structure built at least 2000 years earlier, throws new light on long-distance exchange networks and the effect they could have had on the cultural identities and social relations of local Iberian Early Iron Age communities. Moreover, the archaeometric study reveals how diverse and distant the sources of these item are (Northern Europe to Eastern and Western Mediterranean raw materials, as well as local and eastern technologies), therefore raising questions concerning the social mechanisms used to establish change and resistance in contexts of colonial encounter

Evaluación del currículo de una institución educativa oficial del Departamento del Atlántico para la implementación de procesos educativos de calidad

El presente estudio da cuenta de los resultados de la evaluación del currículo en una Institución Educativa oficial del Departamento del Atlántico que condujeron al diseño de un plan de mejoramiento centrado en la apropiación del modelo pedagógico crítico social. La metodología utilizada fue cualitativa con un diseño de Estudio de Caso en dos fases: evaluación del currículo desde el modelo CIPR adaptación del modelo de evaluación de Stufflebeam y Shinkfield (1989) en términos de Contexto-Entrada-Proceso-Resultados y la formulación de un plan de mejora. Se utilizaron técnicas cualitativas como: Análisis documental, entrevista, grupo focal y la observación no participante a la comunidad educativa. Lo que permitió obtener información relevante sobre las debilidades y fortalezas del currículo. Los resultados revelaron la poca participación de la comunidad educativa en el diseño del currículo, la falta de coherencia entre el currículo declarado y el enseñado, la falta de apropiación del modelo pedagógico constituye la mayor debilidad, por consiguiente, no existen criterios unificados entre metodología y evaluación. Ante estas debilidades es necesario implementar planes de mejora liderados por un equipo de calidad; quienes además tendrán la responsabilidad de promover la cultura de evaluación educativa en la institución que propicie la mejora continua y la calidad del servicio que presta en todos los niveles y grados

Impacto de la participación de las MIPYMES del sector servicios en el desarrollo económico en Colombia

The general objective of the research is to know the impact of the participation of MSMEs in the service sector on economic development in Colombia; it was directed under the quantitative perspective, with a descriptive design, with the collection and identification of the information collected as live data organized in categories and units of analysis, we worked with a population of 3,739 MSMEs as public service establishments; The collection of information was the survey with 20 questions. In the results, the percentage numerical consequences were identified, which revealed the degree of the impact on the economy for the development of the region. In the conclusion, the quantitative bases allowed to find the beginning and the projections of the path of opportunities for growth of the economy in Colombia with antecedents in the municipalities that comprise it.El objetivo general de la investigación, es conocer el impacto de la participación de las MIPYMES del sector servicios en el desarrollo económico en Colombia; se encaminó bajo la perspectiva cuantitativa, con un diseño descriptivo, con la recolección e identificación de la información recolectada como datos en vivos organizados en categorías y unidades de análisis, se trabajó con una población de 3.739 MIPYMES como establecimientos públicos de servicios; La recolección de información fue la encuesta con 20 preguntas. Como resultados se identificaron las consecuencias numéricas porcentuales los cuales develaron el grado del impacto en la economía para el desarrollo de las regiones colombianas. Finalmente, en la conclusión se hallaron las bases cuantitativas que permitieron hallar el inicio y las proyecciones camino lleno de oportunidades para los crecimientos de la economía en Colombia con el antecedente de los municipios que la conforman

Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis using multifocal ERG data feature fusion

The purpose of this paper is to implement a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system for multiple sclerosis (MS) based on analysing the outer retina as assessed by multifocal electroretinograms (mfERGs). MfERG recordings taken with the RETI?port/scan 21 (Roland Consult) device from 15 eyes of patients diagnosed with incipient relapsing-remitting MS and without prior optic neuritis, and from 6 eyes of control subjects, are selected. The mfERG recordings are grouped (whole macular visual field, five rings, and four quadrants). For each group, the correlation with a normative database of adaptively filtered signals, based on empirical model decomposition (EMD) and three features from the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) domain, are obtained. Of the initial 40 features, the 4 most relevant are selected in two stages: a) using a filter method and b) using a wrapper-feature selection method. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) is used as a classifier. With the optimal CAD configuration, a Matthews correlation coefficient value of 0.89 (accuracy = 0.95, specificity = 1.0 and sensitivity = 0.93) is obtained. This study identified an outer retina dysfunction in patients with recent MS by analysing the outer retina responses in the mfERG and employing an SVM as a classifier. In conclusion, a promising new electrophysiological-biomarker method based on feature fusion for MS diagnosis was identified.Agencia Estatal de InvestigaciónInstituto de Salud Carlos II

Thermally-activated cation ordering in ZnGa2Se4 single crystals studied by Raman scattering, optical absorption, and ab initio calculations

Order-disorder phase transitions induced by thermal annealing have been studied in the ordered-vacancy compound ZnGa2Se4 by means of Raman scattering and optical absorption measurements. The partially disordered as-grown sample with tetragonal defect stannite (DS) structure and I (4) over bar 2m space group has been subjected to controlled heating and cooling cycles. In situ Raman scattering measurements carried out during the whole annealing cycle show that annealing the sample to 400 degrees C results in a cation ordering in the sample, leading to the crystallization of the ordered tetragonal defect chalcopyrite (DC) structure with I (4) over bar space group. On decreasing temperature the ordered cation scheme of the DC phase can be retained at ambient conditions. The symmetry of the Raman-active modes in both DS and DC phases is discussed and the similarities and differences between the Raman spectra of the two phases emphasized. The ordered structure of annealed samples is confirmed by optical absorption measurements and ab initio calculations, that show that the direct bandgap of DC-ZnGa2Se4 is larger than that of DS-ZnGa2Se4.This study was supported by the Spanish government MEC under grants MAT2010-21270-C04-01/03/04 and MAT2010-19837-C06-06, by MALTA Consolider Ingenio 2010 project (CSD2007-00045), and by the Vicerrectorado de Investigacion y Desarrollo of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV2011-0914 PAID-05-11 and UPV2011-0966 PAID-06-11). EP-G, AM, and PR-H acknowledge computing time provided by Red Espanola de Supercomputacion (RES) and MALTA-Cluster. Finally, the authors would also like to acknowledge M C Moron for stimulating discussions and revision of the present manuscript.Vilaplana Cerda, RI.; Gomis Hilario, O.; Pérez-González, E.; Ortiz, HM.; Manjón Herrera, FJ.; Rodríguez-Hernández, P.; Muñoz, A.... (2013). Thermally-activated cation ordering in ZnGa2Se4 single crystals studied by Raman scattering, optical absorption, and ab initio calculations. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 25(16):165802-1-165802-11. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/25/16/165802S165802-1165802-112516Bernard, J. E., & Zunger, A. (1988). Ordered-vacancy-compound semiconductors: PseudocubicCdIn2Se4. Physical Review B, 37(12), 6835-6856. doi:10.1103/physrevb.37.6835Jiang, X., & Lambrecht, W. R. L. (2004). Electronic band structure of ordered vacancy defect chalcopyrite compounds with formulaII−III2−VI4. Physical Review B, 69(3). doi:10.1103/physrevb.69.035201Yahia, I. S., Fadel, M., Sakr, G. B., & Shenouda, S. S. (2010). Memory switching of ZnGa2Se4 thin films as a new material for phase change memories (PCMs). Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 507(2), 551-556. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.08.021Yahia, I. S., Fadel, M., Sakr, G. B., Yakuphanoglu, F., Shenouda, S. S., & Farooq, W. A. (2011). 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Phase transitions in defect chalcopyrite compounds under hydrostatic pressure. Physical Review B, 59(1), 257-268. doi:10.1103/physrevb.59.257Allakhverdiev, K., Gashimzade, F., Kerimova, T., Mitani, T., Naitou, T., Matsuishi, K., & Onari, S. (2003). Raman scattering under pressure in ZnGa2Se4. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 64(9-10), 1597-1601. doi:10.1016/s0022-3697(03)00077-5Alonso-Gutiérrez, P., Sanjuán, M. L., & Morón, M. C. (2009). Thermally activated cation ordering in Zn0.5Mn0.5Ga2Se4single crystals studied by Raman scattering. physica status solidi (c), 6(5), 1182-1186. doi:10.1002/pssc.200881218Caldera, D., Morocoima, M., Quintero, M., Rincon, C., Casanova, R., & Grima, P. (2011). On the crystal structure of the defective ternary compound. Solid State Communications, 151(3), 212-215. doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2010.11.031Gomis, O., Vilaplana, R., Manjón, F. J., Pérez-González, E., López-Solano, J., Rodríguez-Hernández, P., … Ursaki, V. V. (2012). High-pressure optical and vibrational properties of CdGa2Se4: Order-disorder processes in adamantine compounds. Journal of Applied Physics, 111(1), 013518. doi:10.1063/1.3675162Eifler, A., Hecht, J.-D., Lippold, G., Riede, V., Grill, W., Krauß, G., & Krämer, V. (1999). Combined infrared and Raman study of the optical phonons of defect chalcopyrite single crystals. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 263-264, 806-808. doi:10.1016/s0921-4526(98)01292-7Sanjuán, M. L., & Morón, M. C. (2002). Raman study of Zn1−xMnxGa2Se4 diluted magnetic semiconductors: disorder and resonance effects. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 316-317, 565-567. doi:10.1016/s0921-4526(02)00574-4Letoullec, R., Pinceaux, J. P., & Loubeyre, P. (1988). The membrane diamond anvil cell: A new device for generating continuous pressure and temperature variations. High Pressure Research, 1(1), 77-90. doi:10.1080/08957958808202482Perdew, J. P., Burke, K., & Ernzerhof, M. (1997). Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple [Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865 (1996)]. Physical Review Letters, 78(7), 1396-1396. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.78.1396Manjón, F. J., Gomis, O., Rodríguez-Hernández, P., Pérez-González, E., Muñoz, A., Errandonea, D., … Ursaki, V. V. (2010). Nonlinear pressure dependence of the direct band gap in adamantine ordered-vacancy compounds. Physical Review B, 81(19). doi:10.1103/physrevb.81.195201Santamaría-Pérez, D., Amboage, M., Manjón, F. J., Errandonea, D., Muñoz, A., Rodríguez-Hernández, P., … Tiginyanu, I. M. (2012). Crystal Chemistry of CdIn2S4, MgIn2S4, and MnIn2S4 Thiospinels under High Pressure. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 116(26), 14078-14087. doi:10.1021/jp303164kBaroni, S., de Gironcoli, S., Dal Corso, A., & Giannozzi, P. (2001). Phonons and related crystal properties from density-functional perturbation theory. Reviews of Modern Physics, 73(2), 515-562. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.73.515Giannozzi, P., Baroni, S., Bonini, N., Calandra, M., Car, R., Cavazzoni, C., … Wentzcovitch, R. M. (2009). 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Occupational Therapy, Self-Efficacy, Well-Being in Older Adults Living in Residential Care Facilities: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Choosing the type of treatment approach is as important as the treatment itself, also giving and important value to internal variables in the individual that can determine the evolution of the intervention. The main aim of this study is to determine whether individual and/or group occupational therapy leads to changes in generalized self-efficacy and psychological well-being, and to identify the type of therapy that has the best effects on older adults. Groups were equivalent at baseline. The results show statistically significant differences between the two types of therapy, showing a positive correlation between well-being and self-efficacy, being greater at a group level than at and individual level. At the group level, practically all of variables measured in the participants were increased as shown in the results tables, including a better adaptation and predisposition to work four participants died while the study was being conducted. The clinical trial shows that older people in residential centers achieve an increase in emotional well-being and self-efficacy when they receive occupational therapy group, rather than individual treatment not being significant changes. Treatment group participants reported a positive experience and clinical benefits from training program

Effects of removing in-feed antibiotics and zinc oxide on the taxonomy and functionality of the microbiota in post weaning pigs

Abstract Background Post weaning diarrhoea (PWD) causes piglet morbidity and mortality at weaning and is a major driver for antimicrobial use worldwide. New regulations in the EU limit the use of in-feed antibiotics (Ab) and therapeutic zinc oxide (ZnO) to prevent PWD. New approaches to control PWD are needed, and understanding the role of the microbiota in this context is key. In this study, shotgun metagenome sequencing was used to describe the taxonomic and functional evolution of the faecal microbiota of the piglet during the first two weeks post weaning within three experimental groups, Ab, ZnO and no medication, on commercial farms using antimicrobials regularly in the post weaning period. Results Diversity was affected by day post weaning (dpw), treatment used and diarrhoea but not by the farm. Microbiota composition evolved towards the dominance of groups of species such as Prevotella spp. at day 14dpw. ZnO inhibited E. coli overgrowth, promoted higher abundance of the family Bacteroidaceae and decreased Megasphaera spp. Animals treated with Ab exhibited inconsistent taxonomic changes across time points, with an overall increase of Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Megasphaera elsdenii. Samples from non-medicated pigs showed virulence-related functions at 7dpw, and specific ETEC-related virulence factors were detected in all samples presenting diarrhoea. Differential microbiota functions of pigs treated with ZnO were related to sulphur and DNA metabolism, as well as mechanisms of antimicrobial and heavy metal resistance, whereas Ab treated animals exhibited functions related to antimicrobial resistance and virulence. Conclusion Ab and particularly ZnO maintained a stable microbiota composition and functionality during the two weeks post weaning, by limiting E. coli overgrowth, and ultimately preventing microbiota dysbiosis. Future approaches to support piglet health should be able to reproduce this stable gut microbiota transition during the post weaning period, in order to maintain optimal gut physiological and productive conditions

Relapses in patients with Henoch-Schönlein purpura: Analysis of 417 patients from a single center

To further investigate into the relapses of Henoch?Schönlein purpura (HSP), we analyzed the frequency, clinical features, and predictors of relapses in series of 417 unselected patients from a single center. After a median follow-up of 12 (interquartile range [IQR]: 2?38) years, almost one-third of the 417 patients (n=133; 32%; 85men/48 women) had experienced at least 1 relapse. At the time of disease diagnosis, patients who later experienced relapses had less commonly infections than those who never suffered flares (30.8% vs 41.9%; P=0.03). In contrast, patients who experienced relapses had a longer duration of the first episode of palpable purpura than those without relapses (palpable purpura lasting >7 days; 80.0% vs 68.1%; P=0.04). Abdominal pain (72.3% vs 62.3%; P=0.03) and joint manifestations (27.8% vs 15.5%; P=0.005) were also more common in patients who later developed relapses. In contrast, patients who never suffered relapses had a slightly higher frequency of fever at the time of disease diagnosis (9.3% vs 3.8%; P=0.06). At the time of disease diagnosis, corticosteroids were more frequently given to patients who later had relapses of the disease (44% vs 32% in nonrelapsing patients; P=0.03). Relapses generally occurred soon after the first episode of vasculitis. The median time from the diagnosis of HSP to the first relapse was 1 (IQR: 1?2) month. The median number of relapses was 1 (IQR 1?3). The main clinical features at the time of the relapse were cutaneous (88.7%), gastrointestinal (27.1%), renal (24.8%), and joint (16.5%) manifestations. After a mean±standard deviation follow-up of 18.9±9.8 years, complete recovery was observed in 110 (82.7%) of the 133 patients who had relapses. Renal sequelae (persistent renal involvement) was found in 11 (8.3%) of the patients with relapses. The best predictive factors for relapse were joint and gastrointestinal manifestations at HSP diagnosis (odds ratio [OR]: 2.22; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.34?3.69, and OR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.01?2.53, respectively). In contrast, a history of previous infection was a protective factor for relapses (OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.38?0.94). In conclusion, joint and gastrointestinal manifestations at the time of diagnosis of HSP are predictors of relapses

Conjunto metálico con puntas de jabalina procedentes del yacimiento de La Pestaña (Badajoz)

This paper presents an unpublished photograph whith metal pieces from La Pestaña (Badajoz), where two Pastora-type javelins stand out. The photo comes from the archive of Aurelio Cabrera (1870-1936), sculptor and archaeologist. Six of the pieces have been located in the Badajoz Provincial Archaeological Museum, three of which have elemental anaylises. The other six pieces are missing, including the Pastora-type javelins among them. The photograph attests to their existence and origin strengthens the southwestern distribution of this type of javelin point.<br><br>Se amplía la corta serie de puntas tipo Pastora hasta ahora conocidas en la Península Ibérica, gracias a la localización de una fotografía inédita del archivo del escultor y arqueólogo Aurelio Cabrera Gallardo (1870-1936). La fotografía muestra 12 piezas metálicas procedentes de la Dehesa de la Pestaña, en la finca Los Fresnos (Badajoz). Seis de ellas han sido localizadas en el Museo Arqueológico Provincial de Badajoz y tres cuentan con análisis elemental. Otras seis, entre las que están las puntas, están desaparecidas. La fotografía testimonia su existencia y una procedencia que refuerza la distribución suroccidental de este tipo de puntas de jabalina