Victor Hugo and the Hebrew mind

This thesis examines Victor Hugo's relationship to biblical and postbiblical Judaism as well as to Hebrew thought and language. We shall show that Hugo had an abiding interest in the Jew as a human and an historical phenomenon. An examination of some of his works which are controversial from a Jewish point of view will, moreover, indicate that he had considerable insight into the Jewish condition. Hugo's interest in the Jew extended to Jewish life and tradition, and a host of examples will be given of such an interest. Denis Saurat has claimed that Hugo was not only interested in but influenced by the Cabalah and that Alexandre Weill was his cabalistic mentor. These claims of Saurat's will be critically examined, as will be the work of Weill.The relationship between Weill and Hugo will be reassessed and their fundamental ideas compared. Claudius Grillet has proved Hugo's thorough acquaintance with the Bible. He maintains, however, that Hugo used Hebrew words and names for their sound only with no regard to meaning. This assertion will be critically examined. The many references and allusions to Jewish rites and customs in Hugo's work will be examined in detail and traced to their source. Apart from his interest in Jews and Jewish tradition, Hugo's thought and imagination, it will be suggested, had a deep affinity with the Hebrew mind. This affinity will be shown to be manifest above all in his concept and treatment of the Word, and in his concern for the nature and power of the Word and its component parts, the letters. Finally, it will be suggested that Hugo's doctrine of the Word, so akin to the Hebrew, also enshrines his 'art poetique'. It holds the secret to the process and the state of creation, to the perfect balance, between content and form, spirit and letter. It is the guarantor of lasting renewal

The syntax and discourse function of preposed temporal ἐπεί-clauses in Homeric Greek

The interplay in the Iliad and Odyssey between preposed temporal ἐπεί-clauses and preceding text is investigated. It is demonstrated that the metrical and compositional conditions of the poems influence lexical and grammatical form, distorting or restricting the semantics of some words while prescribing a limited set of phrasal patterns from which to form subordinate clauses. By combining in a single investigation observations on the syntax and discourse function of ἐπεί-clauses, a distinction can be drawn between components which are predominantly necessary for metrical or information purposes (such as αὐτάρ and personal pronouns) and those which facilitate the organisation of the text (such as the antiphonal relationship of imperfect and aorist accounts of events). Following an introduction to the syntax of ἐπεί-clauses, Chapter 3 argues that out of metrical necessity the typical antithetical meaning of αὐτάρ weakened to a progressive meaning when juxtaposed to ἐπεί. In Chapter 4 instances of left-dislocation of noun phrases before a preposed ἐπεί-clause are considered. It is suggested that this dislocation is determined by the discourse processing challenges posed by subordination and does not perform the role of organising discourse on a broader textual basis. Chapter 5 surveys the discourse function of the ἐπεί-clauses with the observation made that those clauses which start books bear a subtly different relationship to preceding text when compared with book-internal clauses. In Chapter 6 a range of preposed clauses are examined; they are shown to relate back to preceding text through recapitulation or through expectancy. Chapter 7 considers the discourse function of ἐπεί-clauses which, in their relationship to a preceding account of the commencement of that event, emphasise thorough completion. The wording of the ἐπεί-clause is considered in Chapter 8, with the observation made that ἐπεί-clauses which denote completion are lexically and/or phrasally distinctive

Understanding How EdD Students View Educational Research: A Qualitative Study Using Domain, Taxonomic, Componential and Text Mining Analysis

The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore how EdD students initially view educational research and themselves as researchers before taking their first required research course. This study used four types of qualitative data analysis methods: domain, taxonomic, componential, and text mining. The findings suggest that the EdD students are able to identity several attributes of research, but there is a dissonance on the attributes aligned with upper academic research. The students understand the importance of research to educational practices, but do not have sufficient understanding about research methods and methodologies. Their views of what research is are formal but their views on who does research is informal. Recommendations for EdD research course designs are offered

Conjugated linoleic acid : effect on lipid'profile and body composition in rats and humans

Orientador: Mario Roberto Maróstica JuniorTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de AlimentosResumo: O ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA), conjunto de isômeros de posição e geométricos do ácido linoléico com duplas ligações conjugadas, origina-se no rúmen por meio da biohidrogenação incompleta de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados provenientes da dieta e pela dessaturação do ácido graxo C18:1 trans-11. O CLA parece exercer os seguintes efeitos benéficos no organismo humano: modulação do sistema imune, potencialização da mineralização óssea, prevenção e tratamento do diabetes mellitus não insulinodependente, redução da aterosclerose e alterações na composição corporal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar os efeitos da suplementação em cápsula com ácido linoléico conjugado e do consumo de leite enriquecido com este mesmo composto sobre o perfil lipídico e a composição corporal por meio de ensaio biológico com ratos Wistar machos saudáveis em crescimento e por meio de ensaio clínico em indivíduos do sexo masculino com sobrepeso e obesidade grau I. Para o ensaio biológico foram utilizados 100 ratos. Destes, 20 animais foram destinados ao grupo de referência (T0) e os demais, divididos em 4 grupos. Os animais foram suplementados diariamente ou consumiram dieta enriquecida com óleo de cártamo e CLA na concentração de 2 % sobre o consumo diário de dieta, constituindo respectivamente os grupos SP (suplementado placebo), SE (suplementado experimental), EP (enriquecido placebo) e EE (enriquecido experimental). As análises foram realizadas no início (T0) e ao final de 4 e 8 semanas, caracterizando T1 e T2, respectivamente. Para o ensaio clínico 53 indivíduos foram divididos em 4 grupos, que receberam 3 cápsulas ao dia de óleo de cártamo ou CLA, constituindo os grupos suplementado placebo (SP) e suplementado experimental (SE), respectivamente; ou consumiram 500 mL de leite semi-desnatado ao dia, sem adição de CLA ou enriquecido com 0,6 % de CLA, constituindo os grupos enriquecido placebo (EP) e enriquecido experimental (EE), respectivamente. As análises foram realizadas no início (T0), ao final de 6 (T1) e 12 (T2) semanas. A aceitação e a intenção de compra do leite enriquecido com CLA foram realizadas por meio de escala hedônica não estruturada de 9 cm e escala de 5 pontos, respectivamente. A ingestão de dieta, ganho de peso e eficiência alimentar, assim como o peso do fígado, coração e rins dos ratos não foram alterados após o consumo de CLA. O consumo de CLA não alterou os valores de triacilglicerol e colesterol total séricos após 4 e 8 semanas. Já os teores de HDL-colesterol dos animais aumentaram em 56 % após 4 semanas de suplementação com ácido linoléico conjugado. Com relação aos valores de glicemia e insulina plasmáticas dos ratos, houve redução de 23,7 % e 10,4 %, respectivamente, após 4 semanas de experimentação nos grupos que receberam CLA por meio de entubação orogástrica, em comparação ao consumo deste composto por meio de dieta. O consumo de CLA também não alterou a carga máxima e o conteúdo de Ca e P dos ratos. A densidade óssea dos animais cujo consumo de CLA foi advindo da dieta, aumentou em 17 % quando comparado ao grupo que consumiu o composto por meio entubação orogástrica após 4 semanas. Com relação a composição corporal, seja no ensaio biológico ou no ensaio clínico, o consumo de ácido linoléico conjugado, seja na forma de suplementação ou por meio da dieta/leite enriquecido, não apresentou resultados favoráveis, os quais são compatíveis aos resultados de perfil hormonal e expressão gênica. Houve redução das concentrações de glicose e insulina plasmáticas e dos valores de HOMA-IR dos voluntários que receberam cápsulas de CLA em comparação com os que receberam placebo. Os resultados a respeito do perfil bioquímico e hemograma não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Os leites semidesnatados com e sem adição de CLA não diferiram sensorialmente, segundo os atributos: aparência, aroma, sabor e impressão global. Este resultado foi confirmado pela positiva intenção de compra demonstrada pelos provadores. Tendo em vista os resultados encontrados, pôde-se concluir que o consumo de ácido linoléico conjugado não apresentou efeito sobre a composição corporal e sobre os teores de triacilglicerol e colesterol total séricos, mas atuou positivamente sobre os valores de glicemia e insulina plasmáticas nos ensaios biológico e clínicoAbstract: The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a set of geometric and positional isomers of linoleic acid with conjugated double bonds, can originate in the rumen by biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids from the diet and also by desaturation of C18:1 trans-11 fatty acid. Consumption of CLA exert beneficial effects in humans: modulation of the immune system, enhancement of bone mineralization, prevention and treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, reduction of atherosclerosis and changes in body composition. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of of supplementing the diet of with conjugated linoleic acid capsule and the consumption of milk fortified with the same compound on lipid profile and body composition by means of biological assay with male healthy growing Wistar rats through testing clinical males overweight and obese grade I. For the biological assay were used 100 rats. Of these, 20 animals were used as reference group (T0) and the others divided into four groups. The animals were supplemented daily or fed diet enriched with safflower oil and CLA concentration of 2 % of your daily diet, constituting respectively the groups SP (placebo supplemented), SE (supplemented experimental), EP (enriched placebo) and EE (enriched experimental). Analyses were performed at baseline (T0) and at the end of 4 and 8 weeks, featuring T1 and T2, respectively. For the clinical assay 53 individuals were divided into four groups and received three capsules per day of safflower oil or CLA, providing the following groups: supplemented placebo (SP) and supplemented experimental (SE), respectively, or consumed 500 mL of semi-skimmed milk daily without the addition of CLA, or enriched with 0.6 % of CLA constituting the groups enriched placebo (EP) and experimental enrichment (EE), respectively. Analyses were performed at baseline (T0), after 6 (T1) and 12 (T2) weeks. Acceptance and purchase intent of milk enriched with CLA were performed using an unstructured hedonic scale of 9 cm and a 5-point scale, respectively. The dietary intake, weight gain and feed efficiency, as well as liver weight, heart and kidneys of mice were not altered after consumption of CLA. The consumption of CLA did not alter the values of serum triglyceride and total cholesterol after 4 and 8 weeks, whereas the levels of HDL-cholesterol of the animals increased by 56 % after 4 weeks of supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid. With respect to blood glucose and plasma insulin of the mice, a reduction of 23.7 % and 10.4 % respectively after 4 weeks of experimentation in the groups receiving CLA by orogastric intubation, compared with the dietary consumption of this compound. The consumption of CLA did not alter the maximum load and the Ca and P contents of the rats. The bone density of animals whose consumption of CLA was coming from the diet increased by 17 % compared to the group that consumed the compound through orogastric intubation after 4 weeks. Regarding body composition, either in biological assay or clinical trial, consumption of conjugated linoleic acid, either as supplements or through diet/enriched milk did not show favorable results, in agreement with the results of hormonal and gene expression. There was a reduction in the concentrations of glucose and plasma insulin and HOMA-IR values of volunteers given capsules of CLA compared with those receiving placebo. The results regarding the biochemical and blood count did not change significantly. The semi-skimmed milk with and without addition of CLA did not differ according to the sensory attributes of appearance, aroma, flavor and overall impression. This result was confirmed by positive purchase intent demonstrated by the panelists. In view of these results, it was concluded that consumption of conjugated linoleic acid had no effect on body composition and on the levels of serum triglyceride and total cholesterol, but acted positively on levels of blood glucose and plasma insulin in biological and clinical assaysDoutoradoNutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de AlimentosDoutor em Alimentos e Nutriçã

The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on lipid profile and body composition of healthy growing wistar rats

Orientador: Admar Costa de OliveiraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de AlimentosResumo: O ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA), um conjunto de isômeros de posição e geométricos do ácido linoléico com duplas ligações conjugadas, ocorre em pequenas quantidades em uma grande variedade de alimentos. O CLA pode ser originado no rúmen por meio da biohidrogenação incompleta de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados provenientes da dieta e também, pela dessaturação do ácido graxo C18:1 trans-11. Dessa maneira, concentrações significativas de CLA podem ser encontradas nas carnes, no leite e seus produtos derivados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da suplementação com ácido linoléico conjugadosobre o perfil lipídico e a composição corporal de ratos Wistar saudáveis em crescimento. Foram realizados dois ensaios biológicos: um em que variou a quantidade de CLA suplementada, e outro em que variaram as misturas comerciais de CLA utilizadas. Para o primeiro ensaio biológico, foram utilizados 40 ratos albinos, machos, recém-desmamados, distribuídos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos com 10 animais cada, de acordo com a quantidade de suplemento administrada. Os animais foram suplementados diariamente durante 21 dias com AdvantEdge® CLA (EASTM) nas concentrações 1, 2 e 4 % sobre o consumo diário de dieta, constituindo respectivamente os grupos AE1, AE2 e AE4, e com ácido linoléico na concentração de 2 % sobre o consumo diário de dieta, constituindo o grupo controle ©. Com este ensaio procurava-se identificar qual a quantidade de suplemento mais adequada para reduzir a gordura corporal dos ratos. Para o segundo ensaio biológico, foram utilizados 30 ratos albinos, machos, recém-desmamados, da linhagem Wistar, divididos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos com 10 animais cada, de acordo com a marca de suplemento administrada. Utilizando-se a quantidade de suplemento identificada no primeiro ensaio, os animais receberam diariamente, durante 42 dias, as misturas comerciais AdvantEdge® CLA (EASTM) e CLA One® (Pharmanutrients), constituindo os grupos AE e CO, respectivamente, e ácido linoléico, constituindo o grupo controle ©, na concentração de 2 % sobre o consumo diário de dieta. Durante os dois períodos experimentais os animais tiveram o peso e consumo de dieta monitorados a cada dois dias. Ao final de cada experimento, os animais foram mortos por deslocamento cervical sob anestesia (pentobarbital sódico . 46 mg/kg), sendo o sangue utilizado para as determinações séricas de triacilgliceróis, colesterol total e leptina e a carcaça empregada para a determinação da composição corporal centesimal. Para esta avaliação, foi removido todo o conteúdo intestinal para obtenção da carcaça vazia. Em seguida a carcaça foi congelada em nitrogênio líquido, fatiada, liofilizada, moída e armazenada a - 80 °C até o momento das determinações de umidade, cinzas, proteína bruta e gordura. A eficiência alimentar dos ratos não foi alterada com a suplementação de CLA em ambos os ensaios biológicos. Com relação aos valores séricos de triacilgliceróis, estes não apresentaram diferença significativa (p > 0,05) após a suplementação com CLA. Quanto aos teores de colesterol total no primeiro ensaio, estes demonstraram uma redução dose dependente após 21 dias de tratamento, tomando-se em conta as suplementações. No entanto, no segundo ensaio biológico, aos 42 dias de tratamento, a administração de CLA aumentou os teores de colesterol total dos animais. No tocante à composição corporal, constatou-se uma redução média de 18,0 % dos teores de gordura corporal dos grupos AE2 (11,2 %) e AE4 (11,6 %), quando comparados ao teor do grupo controle (13,9 %). A mesma redução foi observada no segundo ensaio biológico nos grupos AE e CO, em relação ao controle (18,1 %, 16,7 % e 21,2 %, respectivamente). Após 42 dias de suplementação com CLA, os animais dos grupos AE e CO, no segundo ensaio biológico, obtiveram aumento de 7,5 % nos teores de cinzas e diminuição de 22,4 % da concentração sérica de leptina. Tendo em vista os resultados encontrados, pôde-se concluir que a suplementação com ácido linoléico conjugado na concentração de 2 % sobre o consumo médio diário de dieta reduziu a gordura corporal e aumentou os teores de cinzas em ratosAbstract: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid with conjugated double bonds, occurs in small quantities in a wide variety of foods. CLA can originate in the rumen by biohydrogenation of fatty acids from ingested food, and by the desaturation of the trans-11 C18:1 fatty acid. Thus, significant concentrations of CLA are found in beef, milk and dairy products. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on lipid profile and body composition of healthy growing Wistar rats. Two biological assays were performed: one varying CLA supplement concentration in the diet, and another varying the commercial brands of CLA used. For the first assay, 40 albino male, weaning rats were distributed at random in 4 groups of 10 animals each, according to the amount of supplement to be administered. Animals in groups AE1, AE2 and AE4 were supplemented daily for 21 days with the commercial product AdvantEdge® CLA (EASTM) at 1, 2 and 4 % of food intake respectively, and those in group C (control) with linoleic acid at 2% of food intake. The aim of this first assay was to find the optimum amount of supplement for the purpose of body fat reduction. In the second assay, 30 albino male, weaning Wistar rats were distributed at random in 3 groups of 10 animals each, according to the brand of supplement. Animals were supplemented daily for 42 days at a concentration of 2 %, chosen on the basis of results in the previous assay. Group AE received AdvantEdge® CLA (EASTM); group CO was fed CLA One® (Pharmanutrients); and group C (control) was given linoleic acid at 2 % of food intake. Throughout the experimental period animals had their weight and food intake controlled every 2 days. At the end of each experiment, the animals were killed by cervical displacement under anesthesia (sodium pentobarbital . 46 mg/kg). The blood was used for the determinations of serum triacylglycerols, total cholesterol and leptin; and the carcass was used for determining body composition. Gut contents were removed to obtain empty carcass weight. The carcass was then frozen in liquid nitrogen, chopped, dried, ground and stored at - 80 °C until determinations of water, ash, protein and fat were performed. Feeding efficiency of the rats was not altered by CLA supplementation in either of the assays. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in the serum levels of triacylglycerols after supplementation with CLA. Total cholesterol values, as measured in the first essay after 21 days of treatment, presented a dose-dependent reduction. In the second assay, however, CLA supplementation was found to increase total cholesterol after 42 days. An average reduction of 18.0 % on body fat percentage was found in groups AE2 (11.2 %) and AE4 (11.6 %), compared to the control (13.9 %). Body fat percentage was also reduced by 18.0 % in the second assay in groups AE and CO, compared to the control (18.1 %, 16.7 % e 21.2 %, respectively). After 42 days of CLA supplementation, animals in groups AE and CO, in the second assay, displayed an increase of 7.5 % in ash content and a decrease of 22.4 % in the serum leptin concentration. Considering the results obtained it can be concluded that the conjugated linoleic acid supplementation at a concentration of 2 % of food intake reduced the body fat and increased the ash content of ratsMestradoNutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de AlimentosMestre em Alimentos e Nutriçã

Sobretensões em circuitos secundários de distribuição com a presença de geradores fotovoltaicos

With regard to the precarious and critical voltage limits for the consumption voltages provided by energy authorities, it can be said that they are extremely important definitions for the supply of the community in general. This is due to the fact that such limits guarantee the delivery of energy under ideal consumption conditions for consumer equipment, since these were dimensioned based on voltage and power definitions in their projects. All this makes energy quality indicators extremely important concepts for consumers who use it. The definition of these quality indicators in the Brazilian energy system, are defined by the distribution procedures. It turns out that with the increase in distributed photovoltaic generations in recent years, an overvoltage phenomenon affects the distribution network due to the non-establishment of power limits of the plants installed in the consumer units, which in fact contribute a lot to the generation of these units, but which, at uncontrolled levels, cause the network voltage to violate the quality limits in the access of low voltage consumers. The main point of this work is the analysis of a circuit supplied by a real feeder, from a national utility, in which, through computer simulation, by the power flow simulation software OpenDSS (Open Distribution System Simulator), together with the Python programming language, it is possible to explore the insertion of distributed generators in the system, verifying the moments in which the voltage reaches the problematic values of the voltage limits.Pesquisa sem auxílio de agências de fomentoTrabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação)No que se diz respeito aos limites de tensão precários e críticos para as tensões de consumo asseguradas pelas concessionárias de energia, pode-se dizer que são definições extremamente importantes para o abastecimento da comunidade em geral. Isso se deve ao fato de que, tais limites garantem a entrega da energia em condições de consumo ideias para os equipamentos dos consumidores, já que estes foram dimensionados com base em definições de tensão e potência em seus projetos. Tudo isso torna os indicadores de qualidade de energia, conceitos de extrema importância para os consumidores. A definição desses indicadores de qualidade no sistema brasileiro de energia, são definidos pelos procedimentos de distribuição. Acontece que com o aumento das gerações distribuídas fotovoltaicas dos últimos anos, um fenômeno de sobretensão, afeta a rede de distribuição devido ao não estabelecimento de limites das potências das usinas instaladas nas unidades consumidoras, que de fato contribuem muito para a geração dessas unidades, mas que fazem com que a tensão da rede viole os limites de qualidade no acesso dos consumidores da baixa tensão, quando não controlada a potência de geração. Este trabalho tem como ponto principal a análise de um circuito suprido por um alimentador real, de uma concessionária nacional, em que, por meio de simulação computacional, pelo software de simulação de fluxo de potência OpenDSS (Open Distribution System Simulator), em conjunto com a linguagem de programação Python, seja possível explorar a inserção de geradores distribuídos no sistema, averiguando os momentos em que a tensão atinge os valores problemáticos dos limites de tensão

Imperial Travelers: The Formation of West African Urban Culture, Identity, and Citizenship in London and Accra, 1925-1935.

At the end of the First World War, increasing numbers of West Africans traveled to London to pursue degrees in higher education. Their educational experiences abroad presented new political and social opportunities. While living in London, and later as members of West Africa’s urban and educated elite, these students founded a West African public sphere of clubs and newspapers in which they attempted to form a modern West African nation and subject. This dissertation is an historical study of this process as it developed in London and Accra between 1925 and 1935. As these students traveled between metropolitan, colonial and African spaces, they engaged in a type of “imperial citizenship” that involved using the institutions of public spheres, empires, and nations, and blending concepts of modern governments and citizenship, internationalism and co-operation, national self-determination, self-help, and racial equality to create an increasingly empowered position for West Africa within the Empire. The nation they envisioned stood in sharp contrast to the political structures associated with British colonial policies of indirect rule. Their nation was to be a singular, self-governing, united West African nation. At its core would be an educated citizenry of men and women, and critically, a monogamous couple and nuclear family. In London, the students’ political endeavors focused on the establishment of a West African presence within the Empire and the international community through the founding of the West African Students’ Union. In Accra, the students struggled to create “modern” subjects out of a diverse group of locally-educated Africans whose modernity would legitimize their claim for self-government. They used the newspapers and clubs of Accra to “educate” locally-educated men and women about how to be “West Africans.” These efforts included newspaper articles on appropriate dress and behavior in public, alongside examples of “respectable” courtship practices and marriages. Their advice to readers on how to be citizens of West Africa met with fierce resistance that involved heated debates in the press between former WASU members and locally-educated readers on gender, love, marriage, and family—issues that I argue were central to western-educated West Africans’ articulation of nationhood and citizenship.Ph.D.History & Women's StudiesUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/61643/1/jprais_1.pd

Вміст триацилгліцеролу та загального холестеролу в молоці різних видів тварин

Today, dairy products are a significant part of falsified food. Of all types of falsifications, it is most difficult to establish intermodal substitution. There are cases of dilution of sheep and goat milk to cow. The most accurate test for the species of milk and dairy products is the polymerase chain reaction. However, this method is expensive and time-consuming. Proceeding from this, the aim of this work was to determine the concentration of total cholesterol and triacylglycerol in milk of cows, sheep and goats, which in the future can be used as the theoretical basis for the creation of informative diagnostic tests for interspecific milk falsification. For research, 7 samples of milk from cows, sheep and goats were selected. In the test samples, the content of triacylglycerol and total cholesterol was determined. The test system “Philitis-Diagnostics” was used. The obtained digital material indicates that the highest level of triacylglycerol is recorded in the milk of sheep, and the lowest – cows. Thus, in sheep's milk, the level of triacylglycerol was 3.4 times higher (P < 0.01), compared with milk of cows, and 1.5 times as compared with milk of goats. In milk of cows, this indicator was 2.2 times lower than that of goat meat. The level of total cholesterol in sheep's milk was higher by 5.7 times (P < 0.01), compared with milk of goats and 4.5 times (P < 0.01) with milk of cows. Its level in milk of cows was higher by 1.2 times, compared with the content of goats milk. The statistical analysis of the results showed a strong negative correlation between the total cholesterol and triacylglycerol content in goat's milk (r = -0.7) and sheep (r = -0.8). In milk of cows such correlation dependence is not established (r = 0.4). It should be noted that significant individual variations of the studied parameters within a single species of animals. This may be due to the season of the year, feeding, the period of lactation, the age of the animal, the state of the health of the mammary gland, as indicated by other researchers. It has been established that the level of total cholesterol and triacylglycerol in animal milk is unstable. However, the level of triacylglycerol in sheep's milk is significantly higher than in milk of cows and goats, and the level of total cholesterol is lower in milk of goats compared with milk from cows and sheep. Such results suggest the promising use of triacylglycerol and total cholesterol in animal milk as an informative complement to existing interspecific falsification tests. In further studies, attention will be focused on the peculiarities of the fractional composition of milk lipids and the study of the level of triacylglycerol and total cholesterol in products made from falsified and unfertilized milk.Сьогодні значну частину серед фальсифікованих продуктів харчування займає молочна продукція. Зі всіх видів фальсифікацій найважче встановити міжвидову підміну. Відмічаються випадки розбавлення овечого та козиного молока коров’ячим. Найбільш точним тестом видової приналежності молока та молочних продуктів є полімеразна ланцюгова реакція. Однак даний метод є дороговартісним та часозатратним. Виходячи з цього, метою даної роботи було встановити концентрацію загального холестеролу та триацилгліцеролу у молоці корів, овець та кіз, що в майбутньому може бути використано як теоретичне підґрунтя створення інформативних діагностичних тестів міжвидової фальсифікації молока. Для проведення досліджень було відібрано по 7 проб молока від корів, овець та кіз. У досліджуваних пробах встановлювали вміст триацилгліцеролу та загальний холестеролу. Використовували тест-системи “Філісіт-Діагностика”. Отриманий цифровий матеріал вказує на те, що найвищий рівень триацилгліцеролу реєструється у молоці овець, а найнижчий – у корів. Так, у молоці овець, рівень триацилгліцеролу був вищим у 3,4 разу (P < 0,01) порівняно з молоком корів, та у 1,5 разу порівняно з молоком кіз. У молоці корів цей показник був у 2,2 разу нижчий порівняно із козиним. Рівень загального холестеролу у молоці овець був вищий у 5,7 разу (P < 0,01), порівняно із молоком кіз і у 4,5 разу (P < 0,01) із молоком корів. Його рівень у молоці корів був вищим у 1,2 разу, порівняно із вмістом у молоці кіз. Статистичний аналіз одержаних результатів показав існування сильної негативної кореляційної залежності між вмістом загального холестеролу та триацилгліцеролу в молоці кіз (r = -0,7) та овець (r = -0,8). У молоці корів такої кореляційної залежності не встановлено (r = 0,4 ). Слід звернути увагу на значні індивідуальні коливання досліджуваних показників в межах одного виду тварин. Це може бути пов’язане із сезоном року, годівлею, періодом лактації, віком тварини, станом здоров’я молочної залози, на що вказують і інші дослідники. Встановлено, що рівень загального холестеролу і триацилгліцеролу в молоці тварин є нестабільним. Однак рівень триацилгліцеролу в молоці овець є значно вищим, ніж у молоці корів та кіз, а рівень загального холестеролу нижчим в молоці кіз порівняно з молоком корів та овець. Такі результати дають підставу вважати перспективним використання рівня триацилгліцеролу та загального холестеролу в молоці тварин як інформативного доповнення до існуючих тестів встановлення міжвидової фальсифікації. В подальших дослідженнях увага буде зосереджена на породних особливостях фракційного складу ліпідів молока та вивчення рівня триацилгліцеролу та загального холестеролу в продуктах, виготовлених із фальсифікованого і нефальсифікованого молока