Defensa flexible

Este trabajo trata la defensa material como la técnica conforman uno de los principios constitucionales garantizados en aras de preservar el debido proceso en todas las actuaciones judiciales y administrativa, aun cuando se ha señalado que en el proceso administrativo la defensa es laxa, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en el campo penal, es propósito de esta investigación plantear las diferentes posturas de la jurisprudencia y la doctrina en aras de preservar a cabalidad esta garantía en el procedimiento disciplinario y precisar si en efecto la facultad que se otorga al sujeto disciplinable para asistir a la versión libre asistido o no, por defensor idóneo, resulta lesivo para sus derechos

Sustainability assessment of the valorization scheme of used cooking oils (UCOs): the case study of Bogotá, Colombia

Harnessing of second-generation feedstocks via circular economy approaches is generally considered as environmentally friendly. Nonetheless, different potential impacts can be caused during collection and transformation of such feedstocks, affecting overall sustainability. Assessment of such impacts is of particular importance when producing waste-based biofuels. In this regard, this work’s aim was to carry out a sustainability assessment of the existing reclaiming and exploitation strategy of used cooking oil (UCO) in Bogota, Colombia. Currently, UCO is collected, pretreated, and mostly exported to Europe for biodiesel production. Based upon literature data and a life cycle assessment (LCA), several sustainability criteria were derived, measured, and interpreted within the framework of the integrative concept of sustainability (ICoS). As a reference system, results were compared with those obtained from assessing current production of first-generation palm-oil-based biodiesel. Results from LCA indicate that, per ton of UCO-based biodiesel, emissions of 1.06 kg PM2.5-eq, 2.54 kg NOx-eq, 607.6 kg CO$_2$-eq, 2.81 kg SO$_2$-eq, and 0.09 kg P-eq are generated and that there is use of 9.1 m$^3$ water, and 259 kg oil-eq. UCO transportation and biodiesel production stages were the larger contributors to such impacts, and surprisingly, equivalent emissions of CO$_24 and fossil fuel consumption were higher than those of first-generation biodiesel. Nevertheless, UCO valorization displayed a better overall performance with respect to the reference system in terms of health, safety, environmental, economic, and social indicators. All impacts were reduced by 30 to 50% under a scenario of local production and consumption of biodiesel

Out-of-pocket health expenditures in Colombia: a systematic review

Objectives To review the evidence of out-of-pocket (OOPE) and catastrophic expenditures (CHE) in health in Colombia. Methods Systematic review of the literature (SLR). Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Scielo and Google Scholar. We used the MESH terms: out-of-pocket, catastrophic health expenditure, health and Colombia. We included cost description or cost analysis studies. Cost-effectiveness analysis of health technologies and qualitative studies were excluded. Data about period of analysis, type of study, costing perspective, OOPE, and CHE were extracted. Studies were classified as macroeconomic, microeconomic, and diseases analysis. All costs were indexed to 2018 and reported in Colombian pesos (COP)

Economic burden of air pollution in Colombia

To estimate indirect costs related to the loss of productivity due to premature mortality associated with air quality risk factors in Colombia, 2016. We estimated potential productivity years of life lost (PPYLL) related to indoor (biomass fuels) and outdoor pollution (PM2.5 and ozone). We analyzed deaths records of the Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística, 2016, with the following basic causes of death related to air quality risk factors: isquemic hearth disease (IHD), cardiovascular disease (CD), lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), lung cancer (LC) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), according to ICD-10. PPYLL were valued considering the productive age in Colombia, which ranges from 18-57 years for women and up to 62 for men. Three scenarios were built: lower loss (minimum legal wage), average loss [one per capita gross domestic product (GDPpc)] and higher loss (three GDPpc). PPYLL for the mentioned causes were multiplied by the fraction attributable to each air risk factor. The latest were estimated from IDEAM (outdoor) and the survey of Quality of Life 2016 and systematic reviews (indoor pollution). Costs were reported in American dollars, using the December 31 (2016) exchange rate: 1USD=3,000.7 Colombian Pesos. The economic burden due to premature deaths caused by the analyzed diseases was US$845,967,999 ($444,320,058-$2,537,903,997). From this burden, 17.8$150,585,143 ($79,090,461-451,755,428). Regarding to the studied diseases, IHD deaths caused by air quality risk factors accounted US$83.007.582. The second with the highest economic burden attributable to air quality risk factors was CD (US$32,750,315), followed by LRTI (US$22,077,091), LC (US$6,909,659) and COPD (US$5,840,495). The exposure to PM2.5 particulate matter represented the largest share of the economic burden attributable to air quality risk factors. Our estimations suggest that premature deaths caused by exposure to air qualityrisk factors represented 0.052% of GDP for 2016

Diaspora identification and long-distance nationalism among Tamil migrants of diverse state origins in the UK

Accounts of Tamil long-distance nationalism have focused on Sri Lankan Tamil migrants. But the UK is also home to Tamils of non-Sri Lankan state origins. While these migrants may be nominally incorporated into a 'Tamil diaspora', they are seldom present in scholarly accounts. Framed by Werbner's (2002) conception of diasporas as 'aesthetic' and 'moral' communities, this article explores whether engagement with a Tamil diaspora and long-distance nationalism is expressed by Tamil migrants of diverse state origins. While migrants identify with an aesthetic community, 'membership' of the moral community is contested between those who hold direct experience of suffering as central to belonging, and those who imagine the boundaries of belonging more fluidly - based upon primordial understandings of essential ethnicity and a narrative of Tamil 'victimhood' that incorporates experiences of being Tamil in Sri Lanka, India and in other sites, despite obvious differences in these experiences. © 2013 Taylor & Francis

Direct medical costs related to COVID-19 in Colombia

We studied 113 patients hospitalized by COVID-19, 51.3% men. On average, the hospital length of stay for COVID-19 hospitalized patient was 7,3 (± 6,2) days with a median cost of $1,688 (IQR 788-2,523). In women, the median direct medical cost of hospitalization was$1,328 (IQR $463-$2,098), while in men was 1.4 times greater. Being 60 years of age or older triggers hospitalization costs almost twice as high as those under this age ($1,813 vs.$2,994), and when the cost is compared by type of hospitalization, this difference is more than three times (ICU: 4,118; general ward: $1,312)

Increase of phytomass and protein in hydroponic green forage through fertilization in Casanare, Colombia

Objetive. To evaluate the effect of two types of fertilizers on phytomass and protein content of hydroponic green forage (FVH) of corn (Zea mays L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.). Design/methodology/approach. A 32x32 bifactorial design was implemented. The seeds were disinfected with 1 % chlorine by immersion for 15 min. A hydroponic system with nebulization irrigation was used with irrigation frequency every 4 hours for 1 min. 5 cm3 of organic fertilizer (FO) and 5 cm3 inorganic fertilizer (FI) were applied per liter of irrigation water. Plant height (cm), fresh phytomass production (kg), real phytomass yield (kg.kg-1.m2) and crude protein content (%) were measured. The data were analyzed by means of an ANOVA and comparison of means with the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05) with SPSS statistics 24. Results: With 7,102 kg of corn seed, a phytomass yield of 50.7 kg.m2 of FVH and 17 % protein was obtained; with rice seed yields of 30.53 kg.m2 and 15% protein are obtained; and for soybean yields of 19.17 kg.m2 of FVH with 38% protein. Limitations on study/implications: The nitrogen content in fertilizers can be considered the main factor in FVH production and quality. Findings/conclusions: Inorganic fertilization has a significant effect on phytomass production and protein production in FVH.Objetive. To evaluate the effect of two types of fertilizers on phytomass and protein content of hydroponic green forage (FVH) of corn (Zea mays L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.). Design/methodology/approach. A 32x32 bifactorial design was implemented. The seeds were disinfected with 1 % chlorine by immersion for 15 min. A hydroponic system with nebulization irrigation was used with irrigation frequency every 4 hours for 1 min. 5 cm3 of organic fertilizer (FO) and 5 cm3 inorganic fertilizer (FI) were applied per liter of irrigation water. Plant height (cm), fresh phytomass production (kg), real phytomass yield (kg.kg-1.m2) and crude protein content (%) were measured. The data were analyzed by means of an ANOVA and comparison of means with the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05) with SPSS statistics 24. Results: With 7,102 kg of corn seed, a phytomass yield of 50.7 kg.m2 of FVH and 17 % protein was obtained; with rice seed yields of 30.53 kg.m2 and 15% protein are obtained; and for soybean yields of 19.17 kg.m2 of FVH with 38% protein. Limitations on study/implications: The nitrogen content in fertilizers can be considered the main factor in FVH production and quality. Findings/conclusions: Inorganic fertilization has a significant effect on phytomass production and protein production in FVH

Physical activity through sustainable transport approaches (PASTA): protocol for a multi-centre, longitudinal study

BACKGROUND: Physical inactivity is one of the leading risk factors for non-communicable diseases, yet many are not sufficiently active. The Physical Activity through Sustainable Transport Approaches (PASTA) study aims to better understand active mobility (walking and cycling for transport solely or in combination with public transport) as an innovative approach to integrate physical activity into individuals' everyday lives. The PASTA study will collect data of multiple cities in a longitudinal cohort design to study correlates of active mobility, its effect on overall physical activity, crash risk and exposure to traffic-related air pollution. METHODS/DESIGN: A set of online questionnaires incorporating gold standard approaches from the physical activity and transport fields have been developed, piloted and are now being deployed in a longitudinal study in seven European cities (Antwerp, Barcelona, London, Oerebro, Rome, Vienna, Zurich). In total, 14000 adults are being recruited (2000 in each city). A first questionnaire collects baseline information; follow-up questionnaires sent every 13 days collect prospective data on travel behaviour, levels of physical activity and traffic safety incidents. Self-reported data will be validated with objective data in subsamples using conventional and novel methods. Accelerometers, GPS and tracking apps record routes and activity. Air pollution and physical activity are measured to study their combined effects on health biomarkers. Exposure-adjusted crash risks will be calculated for active modes, and crash location audits are performed to study the role of the built environment. Ethics committees in all seven cities have given independent approval for the study. DISCUSSION: The PASTA study collects a wealth of subjective and objective data on active mobility and physical activity. This will allow the investigation of numerous correlates of active mobility and physical activity using a data set that advances previous efforts in its richness, geographical coverage and comprehensiveness. Results will inform new health impact assessment models and support efforts to promote and facilitate active mobility in cities

Epstein Barr Virus-positive large T-cell lymphoma presenting as acute appendicitis 17 years after cadaveric renal transplant: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>The majority of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders in renal transplant patients are of the B-cell phenotype, while the T-cell phenotype is rare. We report a case of Epstein Barr Virus-positive, T-cell lymphoma in a renal transplant patient, presenting unusually as acute appendicitis.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A 45-year-old Hispanic male renal transplant patient presented with right-side abdominal pain 17 years after transplant. The laboratory studies were unremarkable. Laparoscopic exploration showed an inflamed appendix so a laparoscopic appendectomy was performed. Pathology of the appendix showed large cells positive for CD3, CD56 and Epstein Barr Virus-encoded RNA staining, and negative for CD20 and CD30. The tissue tested positive for T-cell receptor gene rearrangement by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Treatment management involved reduction of immunosuppression and initiation of chemotherapy with cisplatin, etoposide, gemcitabine, and solumedrol followed by cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, vincristine and prednisone). He recovered and the allo-grafted kidney is fully functional.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We report a rare case of post-renal transplant large T-cell lymphoma, with an unusual presentation of acute appendicitis and Epstein Barr Virus-positivity, which responded well to chemotherapy.</p