Examination of Current AI Systems within the Scope of Right to Explanation and Designing Explainable AI Systems

This research aims to explore explainable artificial intelligence, a new sub field of artificial intelligence that is gaining importance in academic and business literature due to increased use of intelligent systems in our daily lives. As part of the research project, first of all, the necessity of the explainability in AI systems will be explained in terms of accountability, transparency, liability, and fundamental rights & freedoms. The latest explainable AI algorithms introduced by the AI researchers will be examined firstly from technical and then, from legal perspectives. Their statistical and legal competencies will be analyzed. After detecting the deficiencies of the current solutions, a comprehensive and technical AI system design will be proposed which satisfies not only the statistical requisites; but also the legal, ethical, and logical requisites

The Role of the Right to Explanation and Its Safeguards in the Realization of Trustworthy AI

This paper presents a relationship timeline diagram between the GDPR safeguards introduced to secure data subjects’ right to explanation and the ethical principles of the Trustworthy AI framework laid out by the High-Level Expert Group. To create the desired output, we initially analyze the articles of the GDPR that establishes the foundation of the right to explanation. Then, we cover the relevant safeguards enabled to secure the right to explanation that should be regarded as an umbrella concept. We analyze the seven ethical principles required for the realization of trustworthy AI and associate them with the relevant safeguards. Finally, a relationship timeline diagram is presented in which the relationship between the safeguards, the articles creating these safeguards, and the corresponding ethical principles protected with these safeguards are demonstrated

GDPR Compliant Data Processing and Privacy Preserving Technologies: A Literature Review on Notable Horizon 2020 Projects

This paper presents a practical literature review focusing on privacy preserving technologies and organizational measures developed and proposed for GDPR-compliant data processing. Based on the selected Horizon 2020 projects, it identifies the substantial data processing and big data challenges relevant to data protection and privacy. Then, it visits the prominent privacy preserving technologies and organizational measures addressing these challenges. Finally, it analyzes the focus areas of the selected projects, identifies the solution they propose, draws quantitative conclusions, and asserts recommendations for future projects

Operation of Compressor and Electronic Expansion Valve via Different Controllers

WOS: 00039941330001

Governing algorithms in the big data era for balancing new digital rights - designing GDPR compliant and trustworthy XAI systems

This thesis investigates the legal, ethical, technical, and psychological issues of general data processing and artificial intelligence practices and the explainability of AI systems. It consists of two main parts. In the initial section, we provide a comprehensive overview of the big data processing ecosystem and the main challenges we face today. We then evaluate the GDPR’s data privacy framework in the European Union. The Trustworthy AI Framework proposed by the EU’s High-Level Expert Group on AI (AI HLEG) is examined in detail. The ethical principles for the foundation and realization of Trustworthy AI are analyzed along with the assessment list prepared by the AI HLEG. Then, we list the main big data challenges the European researchers and institutions identified and provide a literature review on the technical and organizational measures to address these challenges. A quantitative analysis is conducted on the identified big data challenges and the measures to address them, which leads to practical recommendations for better data processing and AI practices in the EU. In the subsequent part, we concentrate on the explainability of AI systems. We clarify the terminology and list the goals aimed at the explainability of AI systems. We identify the reasons for the explainability-accuracy trade-off and how we can address it. We conduct a comparative cognitive analysis between human reasoning and machine-generated explanations with the aim of understanding how explainable AI can contribute to human reasoning. We then focus on the technical and legal responses to remedy the explainability problem. In this part, GDPR’s right to explanation framework and safeguards are analyzed in-depth with their contribution to the realization of Trustworthy AI. Then, we analyze the explanation techniques applicable at different stages of machine learning and propose several recommendations in chronological order to develop GDPR-compliant and Trustworthy XAI systems

Ottoman Masonry Bridges in Anatolia and the Balkans

Remains of the historical masonry bridges in Anatolia and the Balkans are dated back to the Roman (first half of the I. Millenium AD), to the Seldjukide (early centuries of the II. Millenium AD; basically in Anatolia), and to the Ottoman periods (13th to 19th centuries). Besides serving to transportation, bridges crossing watercourses have to be considered as important hydraulic structures. Built for military as well as economic purposes, more than one hundred Ottoman bridges (roughly two thirds in Anatolia and one third in the Balkans) served for several centuries; some of them being still in operation. They are silent witnesses of the hydraulic knowledge and solid construction technology of their times. In this inventory study, only Ottoman's masonry bridges in Anatolia and Balkans have been presented. Some of the Ottoman's masonry bridges had sunken in the reservoir of modern dams, some of them demolished during the construction of the new highways, and some of them are still in service

Adrenomedulline improves ischemic left colonic anastomotic healing in an experimental rodent model

BACKGROUND: Leakage from colonic anastomosis is a major complication causing increased mortality and morbidity. Ischemia is a well-known cause of this event. This study was designed to investigate the effects of adrenomedullin on the healing of ischemic colon anastomosis in a rat model. METHODS: Standardized left colon resection 3 cm above the peritoneal reflection and colonic anastomosis were performed in 40 Wistar rats that were divided into four groups. To mimic ischemia, the mesocolon was ligated 2 cm from either side of the anastomosis in all of the groups. The control groups (1 and 2) received no further treatment. The experimental groups (3 and 4) received adrenomedullin treatment. Adrenomedullin therapy was started in the perioperative period in group 3 and 4 rats (the therapeutic groups). Group 1 and group 3 rats were sacrificed on postoperative day 3. Group 2 and group 4 rats were sacrificed on postoperative day 7. After careful relaparotomy, bursting pressure, hydroxyproline, malondialdehyde, interleukin 6, nitric oxide, vascular endothelial growth factor, and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels were measured. Histopathological characteristics of the anastomosis were analyzed. RESULTS: The group 3 animals had a significantly higher bursting pressure than group 1 (p<0.05). Hydroxyproline levels in group 1 were significantly lower than in group 3 (p<0.05). The mean bursting pressure was significantly different between group 2 and group 4 (p<0.05). Hydroxyproline levels in groups 3 and 4 were significantly increased by adrenomedullin therapy relative to the control groups (p<0.05). When all groups were compared, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide were significantly lower in the control groups (p<0.05). When vascular endothelial growth factor levels were compared, no statistically significant difference between groups was observed. Interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha were significantly decreased by adrenomedullin therapy (p<0.05). The healing parameters and inflammatory changes (e.g., granulocytic cell infiltration, necrosis, and exudate) were significantly different among all groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Adrenomedullin had positive effects on histopathologic anastomotic healing in this experimental model of ischemic colon anastomosis

Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

Spin-flop transition, magnetic and microwave absorption properties of alpha-Fe2O4 spinel type ferrite nanoparticles

WOS: 000321109500027We have prepared NiFe2O4, CoFe2O4, Ni0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 and ZnFe2O4 spinel type ferrite nanoparticles by surfactant-assisted hydrothermal process using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The spin-flop transition, magnetic, dielectric and permittivity characterizations have been investigated. The spin-flop transition occurs from antiferromagnetic state to mixed state and then ferromagnetic state for Zn doped samples. The spin-flop transition occurs in the temperature range of 50-250 K. The ionic conduction, dipolar relaxation, atomic polarization and electronic polarization are the main mechanisms that contribute to the permittivity of a dielectric material. The permittivity increases with increasing frequency. This suggests a resonance behavior, which is expected when the ferrite samples are highly conductive and skin effect become significant. These samples will provide great benefits for electromagnetic applications and electromagnetic interference shielding characteristics. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [112E044]The authors are grateful to the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK, Contract no. 112E044) for financial support of this study. We would like to thank Sahin Unluer of Nigde University for valuable discussions and the critical reading of the paper