A first step towards in vitro cultured cereals

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Transient expression of fluorescently tagged proteins in developing maize aleurone cells

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An intragenic mutagenesis strategy in Physcomitrella patens to preserve intron splicing.

This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License) and originally published in Scientific Reports. You can access the article on the publiser's website by following this link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-05309-w Dette er en vitenskapelig, fagfellevurdert artikkel som opprinnelig ble publisert i Scientific Reports. Artikkelen er publisert under lisensen Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Du kan også få tilgang til artikkelen på utgivers hjemmeside ved å følge denne lenken: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-05309-wGene targeting is a powerful reverse genetics technique for site-specific genome modification. Intrinsic homologous recombination in the moss Physcomitrella patens permits highly effective gene targeting, a characteristic that makes this organism a valuable model for functional genetics. Functional characterization of domains located within a multi-domain protein depends on the ability to generate mutants harboring genetic modifications at internal gene positions while maintaining the reading-frames of the flanking exons. In this study, we designed and evaluated different gene targeting constructs for targeted gene manipulation of sequences corresponding to internal domains of the DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 protein in Physcomitrella patens. Our results show that gene targeting-associated mutagenesis of introns can have adverse effects on splicing, corrupting the normal reading frame of the transcript. We show that successful genetic modification of internal sequences of multi-exon genes depends on gene-targeting strategies which insert the selection marker cassette into the 5′ end of the intron and preserve the nucleotide sequence of the targeted intron

Ski skating race technique-effect of long distance cross-country ski racing on choice of skating technique in moderate uphill terrain

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of prolonged ski racing using skating style on technique choice in a transition section among female and male high-level skiers. Fifty three national-to-elite level skiers (20 females: 26.7 \ub1 4.8 years, 167.0 \ub1 6.5 m, 61.0 \ub1 5.1 kg, and 75.5 \ub1 68.8 FIS points; 33 males: 25.2 \ub1 3.5 years, 179.0 \ub1 5.2 cm, 73.1 \ub1 5.7 kg, and 73.7 \ub1 63.2 FIS points) were video recorded along a flat-to-uphill transition section of a course during the 30-km (females) and 50-km (males) races at the 2018 Norwegian National Championships. Across laps, section speeds decreased (P < 0.001) in all skiers, with the best-ranked skiers faster than the lowest-ranked (P < 0.001), and males faster than females in the first and middle laps. Section speed within each lap was associated with race performance (r = 0.76-0.86, P < 0.001 in females and r = 0.87-0.89, P < 0.001 in males). The prevalence of Gear 2 (G2) increased, while Gear 3 (G3) use decreased (both P < 0.001) across the subsequent laps, with females preferring G2 more than males in lap one (P = 0.027). In long-distance skate-style skiing, transition performance is representative of race performance and skiers decrease the use of the often-faster G3 technique while increasing the use of the slower G2 technique due to prolonged exercise. Especially female skiers should consider adding some flat-to-uphill G3 practice into established training, specifically early in the session before fatigue may occur

An autoactive NB-LRR gene causes Rht13 dwarfism in wheat

Semidwarfing genes have greatly increased wheat yields globally, yet the widely used gibberellin (GA)-insensitive genes Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b have disadvantages for seedling emergence. Use of the GA-sensitive semidwarfing gene Rht13 avoids this pleiotropic effect. Here, we show that Rht13 encodes a nucleotide-binding site/leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) gene. A point mutation in the semidwarf Rht-B13b allele autoactivates the NB-LRR gene and causes a height reduction comparable with Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b in diverse genetic backgrounds. The autoactive Rht-B13b allele leads to transcriptional up-regulation of pathogenesis-related genes including class III peroxidases associated with cell wall remodeling. Rht13 represents a new class of reduced height (Rht) gene, unlike other Rht genes, which encode components of the GA signaling or metabolic pathways. This discovery opens avenues to use autoactive NB-LRR genes as semidwarfing genes in a range of crop species, and to apply Rht13 in wheat breeding programs using a perfect genetic marker

Shifting the limits in wheat research and breeding using a fully annotated reference genome

Introduction: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most widely cultivated crop on Earth, contributing about a fifth of the total calories consumed by humans. Consequently, wheat yields and production affect the global economy, and failed harvests can lead to social unrest. Breeders continuously strive to develop improved varieties by fine-tuning genetically complex yield and end-use quality parameters while maintaining stable yields and adapting the crop to regionally specific biotic and abiotic stresses. Rationale: Breeding efforts are limited by insufficient knowledge and understanding of wheat biology and the molecular basis of central agronomic traits. To meet the demands of human population growth, there is an urgent need for wheat research and breeding to accelerate genetic gain as well as to increase and protect wheat yield and quality traits. In other plant and animal species, access to a fully annotated and ordered genome sequence, including regulatory sequences and genome-diversity information, has promoted the development of systematic and more time-efficient approaches for the selection and understanding of important traits. Wheat has lagged behind, primarily owing to the challenges of assembling a genome that is more than five times as large as the human genome, polyploid, and complex, containing more than 85% repetitive DNA. To provide a foundation for improvement through molecular breeding, in 2005, the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium set out to deliver a high-quality annotated reference genome sequence of bread wheat. Results: An annotated reference sequence representing the hexaploid bread wheat genome in the form of 21 chromosome-like sequence assemblies has now been delivered, giving access to 107,891 high-confidence genes, including their genomic context of regulatory sequences. This assembly enabled the discovery of tissue- and developmental stage–related gene coexpression networks using a transcriptome atlas representing all stages of wheat development. The dynamics of change in complex gene families involved in environmental adaptation and end-use quality were revealed at subgenome resolution and contextualized to known agronomic single-gene or quantitative trait loci. Aspects of the future value of the annotated assembly for molecular breeding and research were exemplarily illustrated by resolving the genetic basis of a quantitative trait locus conferring resistance to abiotic stress and insect damage as well as by serving as the basis for genome editing of the flowering-time trait. Conclusion: This annotated reference sequence of wheat is a resource that can now drive disruptive innovation in wheat improvement, as this community resource establishes the foundation for accelerating wheat research and application through improved understanding of wheat biology and genomics-assisted breeding. Importantly, the bioinformatics capacity developed for model-organism genomes will facilitate a better understanding of the wheat genome as a result of the high-quality chromosome-based genome assembly. By necessity, breeders work with the genome at the whole chromosome level, as each new cross involves the modification of genome-wide gene networks that control the expression of complex traits such as yield. With the annotated and ordered reference genome sequence in place, researchers and breeders can now easily access sequence-level information to precisely define the necessary changes in the genomes for breeding programs. This will be realized through the implementation of new DNA marker platforms and targeted breeding technologies, including genome editing

A sensor device and its application in e-health

The projects Self-help through a mobile ICT tool and The ICT Lifestyle and Health Motivation Project at the Norwegian Centre for Telemedicine (NST) have designed and built a prototype smart sensor system. Just days before the hand-in of this thesis, the second version of the prototype was ready for testing. Central for this thesis is the hardware and software debugging process of this first prototype. The result of this process is a number of suggestions for changes in the microcontroller’s software and the hardware generally. The suggestion for changes does not introduce any new features, but rather tries to direct the functionality towards the project group’s intention. The main suggestions involve how to avoid loss of data, and also let the user take charge over when the step-counter should report to the mobile base. The thesis starts with an introduction to the main project and a revision of similar projects. The direction then changes towards the theory and tools necessary to perform the intended task are presented. A somewhat large part is devoted to design of movement sensors. As a part of this there were done some tests. The results of some of these plus suggestions for some new are presented. As wireless communication carrier the project group has chosen Bluetooth. The thesis gives a revision of the module chosen plus some alternatives. In addition there is also some suggestions regarding the setup of the module

Forskning og forsøk i landbruket : genetikk i planter - grunnforskning med praktiske siktemål - bind 36

Inneholder flere artiklerMolekylærbiologiske metoder har gjort det mulig å overføre enkelt-gener fra planter til bakterier. Et av hovedmålene i plantemolekylærbiologi er å kunne overføre enkeltgener for økonomisk viktige karakterer, som f.eks. lagerproteiner hos frø, nitrogenfiksering og fotosyntese, fra forskjellige kilder til jordbruksplanter. Dette ble for første gang oppnådd i 1983 da et gen fra gjær ble innsatt i tobakksplanter. Denne oversiktsartikkelen beskriver utviklingen innenfor plantemolekylærbiologi, og diskuterer hvorvidt slike teknikker vil kunne brukes i planteforedlingsarbeidet i fremtiden