What does it take to be good parent ? Opening the black-box of value creation in the unrealated multibusiness firm

This paper develops and tests new theory about the determinants of value creation in unrelated multibusiness firms from a resource-based perspective. The authors argue that the availability of "headquarter resources", which are at the basis of headquarter services provided to the business units, is the driving force behind unrelated diversification.diversification; private equity; management buyout; leveraged buyout; resource-based view; parenting effect; conglomerate

Changing nature and sustainability of the industrial district model : the case of Technic Valley in France

This paper examines the impact of contemporary pressures on industrial districts and analyses the changes that are taking place in an industrial district confronted with disembedding and globalization. We discuss the following questions: what are the processes and consequences of disembedding for the changing shape and form of inter-firm trust, contract and network forms? Is there an evolution in subcontracting and trade interdependency? What is the role of institutional infrastructures? We performed a longitudinal qualitative study using a number of different data sources to analyse the evolution of one French industrial district, particularly how new pressures of internationalization and disembedding work to reconfigure inter-firm relations in this district. While the recent literature is dominated by notions about industrial districts that concern only the trend towards increased competition or disembeddedness, this article shows that there is no unilinear trend. In contrast with the findings of certain recent studies, we argue that economic logic does not fully account for recent developments since the adjustment that are being made by the district are characterized rather by re-embeddedness, increased cooperation and institutionalization.industrial district, globalization, economic sociology

Approche Intégrée ou Partielle de l’Internationalisation des Firmes : Les Modèles Uppsala (1977 et 2009) face à l’Approche « International New Ventures » et aux Théories de la Firme

La firme qui décide de se développer hors de son marché local est confrontée à plusieurs questions : Quel pays choisir ? Quel mode d’entrée faut-il utiliser ? Et à partir de quels critères, ces différents choix vont-t-il se faire ? Plusieurs théories de la firme se sont intéressées à ces questions et ont proposé un certain nombre de réponses. Ces théories de la firme ont cependant pour la plupart d’entre-elles une approche partielle du processus d’internationalisation et des critères de choix (du pays et du mode d’entrée) associés. A notre connaissance, seul le modèle Uppsala a apporté une réponse conjointe à ces questions et a développé ainsi une véritable théorie du processus d’internationalisation de la firme. Dans cet article introductif, notre objectif est double : il s’agit tout d’abord de faire un état du modèle Uppsala dans ses deux versions, initiale (1977) et amendée (2009). Ensuite, cet article vise à présenter les critiques et les réponses apportées d’une part pour le choix du pays cible, par l’approche « international new ventures », et d’autre part pour le choix du mode d’entrée, par les théories de la firme.The firm expanding beyond its domestic market faces several issues: which country to select? Which entry mode to implement? And which criteria should be used for decisions regarding the target country and the entry mode? Many theories of the firm have addressed these issues and suggested a certain number of answers. These theories of the firm, however, have, for most of them, a partial approach to the internationalization process and to country and entry mode choice. To our knowledge, only the Uppsala model provides a joint answer to those issues and thus develops a real theory of the internationalization process. This introductory article has two objectives: first, it provides a state of the art of the Uppsala model (1977 and 2009). Second, it aims to present the questions and answers provided on one hand, by the “international new ventures” approach and on the other hand, by the theories of the firm.La firma que decide desarrollarse afuera de su mercado local se confronta a varias preguntas: ¿Qué país escoger? ¿Qué modo de entrada se debe usar? Y ¿Partiendo de qué criterios debe efectuarse la decisión? Varias teorías de la firma se han interesado a estas preguntas y han propuesto algunas respuestas. Sin embargo, la mayoría de estas teorías de la firma tienen un enfoque parcial del proceso de internacionalización y de los criterios de decisión asociados (sobre el país de destinación y del modo de entrada). Según nuestro conocimiento, solo el modelo Uppsala a propuesto una respuesta conjunta a estas preguntas, de tal manera a haber desarrollado una verdadera teoría del proceso de internacionalización de la firma .En este artículo introductivo tenemos un interés doble: Primero se trata de efectuar un estado del modelo en su versión inicial (1977) y actual (2009). Luego, este artículo se empeña en presentar las críticas y las respuestas dadas para la decisión del país de destino, para el estudio de las “international new ventures”, y para la decisión del modo de entrada, según las teorías de la firma

Paradigme éclectique, modèle Uppsala… Quoi de neuf pour analyser les décisions et modes d’investissement à l’international ?

International audienc

Percutaneous coronary interventions in Europe: Prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections based on data up to 2004

Aims : A registry mandated by the European Society of Cardiology collects data on trends in interventional cardiology within Europe. Special interest focuses on relative increases and ratios in new techniques and their distributions across Europe. We report the data through 2004 and give an overview of the development of coronary interventions since the first data collection in 1992. Methods and results : Questionnaires were distributed yearly to delegates of all national societies of cardiology represented in the European Society of Cardiology. The goal was to collect the case numbers of all local institutions and operators. The overall numbers of coronary angiographies increased from 1992 to 2004 from 684 000 to 2 238 000 (from 1250 to 3930 per million inhabitants). The respective numbers for percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) and coronary stenting procedures increased from 184 000 to 885 000 (from 335 to 1550) and from 3000 to 770 000 (from 5 to 1350), respectively. Germany was the most active country with 712 000 angiographies (8600), 249 000 angioplasties (3000), and 200 000 stenting procedures (2400) in 2004. The indication has shifted towards acute coronary syndromes, as demonstrated by rising rates of interventions for acute myocardial infarction over the last decade. The procedures are more readily performed and perceived safer, as shown by increasing rate of "ad hoc" PCIs and decreasing need for emergency coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). In 2004, the use of drug-eluting stents continued to rise. However, an enormous variability is reported with the highest rate in Switzerland (70%). If the rate of progression remains constant until 2010 the projected number of coronary angiographies will be over three million, and the number of PCIs about 1.5 million with a stenting rate of almost 100%. Conclusion : Interventional cardiology in Europe is ever expanding. New coronary revascularization procedures, alternative or complementary to balloon angioplasty, have come and gone. Only stenting has stood the test of time and matured to the default technique. Facilitated access to PCI, more complete and earlier detection of coronary artery disease promise continued growth of the procedure despite the uncontested success of preventio

Hyperfine interaction in InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots : dynamical nuclear polarization versus spin relaxation

We report on the influence of hyperfine interaction on the optical orientation of singly charged excitons X+ and X- in self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots. All measurements were carried out on individual quantum dots studied by micro-photoluminescence at low temperature. We show that the hyperfine interaction leads to an effective partial spin relaxation, under 50kHz modulated excitation polarization, which becomes however strongly inhibited under steady optical pumping conditions because of dynamical nuclear polarization. This optically created magnetic-like nuclear field can become very strong (up to ~4 T) when it is generated in the direction opposite to a longitudinally applied field, and exhibits then a bistability regime. This effect is very well described by a theoretical model derived in a perturbative approach, which reveals the key role played by the energy cost of an electron spin flip in the total magnetic field. Eventually, we emphasize the similarities and differences between X+ and X- trions with respect to the hyperfine interaction, which turn out to be in perfect agreement with the theoretical description.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure

Constraints from deuterium on the formation of icy bodies in the Jovian system and beyond

We consider the role of deuterium as a potential marker of location and ambient conditions during the formation of small bodies in our Solar system. We concentrate in particular on the formation of the regular icy satellites of Jupiter and the other giant planets, but include a discussion of the implications for the Trojan asteroids and the irregular satellites. We examine in detail the formation of regular planetary satellites within the paradigm of a circum-Jovian subnebula. Particular attention is paid to the two extreme potential subnebulae - "hot" and "cold". In particular, we show that, for the case of the "hot" subnebula model, the D:H ratio in water ice measured from the regular satellites would be expected to be near-Solar. In contrast, satellites which formed in a "cold" subnebula would be expected to display a D:H ratio that is distinctly over-Solar. We then compare the results obtained with the enrichment regimes which could be expected for other families of icy small bodies in the outer Solar system - the Trojan asteroids and the irregular satellites. In doing so, we demonstrate how measurements by Laplace, the James Webb Space Telescope, HERSCHEL and ALMA will play an important role in determining the true formation locations and mechanisms of these objects.Comment: Accepted and shortly to appear in Planetary and Space Science; 11 pages with 5 figure

TRAJECTORY OF AN IT PROJECT NETWORK: CONVERGENCE, DIVERGENCE AND ADJUSTEMENT PROCESS

The increasing failure of IT projects has led to debate about the way these projects are currently managed and to a search for new concepts and theories about project management in order to decrease the failure rate. We assume that it is important to know how to observe an on-going IT project in order to better understand the issues at stake. For this reason, without rejecting previous studies, our purpose is to present a method that may improve our understanding of IT project failure. We do this by demonstrating the value of observing the IT project as a project network. We show that IT project success or failure can be understood during the on-going project as lying along a continuum between convergence and divergence. We present the four characteristics that describe the trajectory of convergence or divergence. Our analyse is based on a longitudinal case study, The Pupitre Virtuel project, an IT project in the French educational area national. The dynamic observation of interactions of project network entities along a continuum convergent/divergent stresses the difficulty to isolate one or few failure factors. Conversely, our observation allows understanding the evolution of the project by considering the dynamic of interactions over time and the on-going redefinitions of its entities through controversies. From this perspective, it would be possible to correct the project trajectory in real time in order to avoid its collapse

Investigating the human—environment relationship of early intensive salt production: a case study from the Upper Seille Valley, Lorraine, northeast France

This paper presents the latest findings of multi-disciplinary research into the human—environment relationship of intensive Iron Age salt production in the Upper Seille Valley, Lorraine, northeast France. Investigations focus on the early Iron Age workshop “La Digue” (~ 625–500 cal BCE; Hallstatt D1–2), where high-resolution borehole sampling has been coupled with conventional excavation and geophysical surveying to establish direct linkages between intensive occupation and the alluvial environment of this site. Detailed insights into human—river interactions have been identified, enhancing current understanding of the environmental context and impact of this important early industry. The workshop's palaeogeographic setting has been reconstructed and new evidence for briquetage disposal practices has been identified, confirming that a close relationship existed between salt-making and the local hydrological regime. A large volume of briquetage waste (broken clay-fired salt-making equipment, ash and charcoal) was dumped into the river at La Digue, causing rapid and deliberate channel blockage, increasing the distance between the workshop and the river. This probably contributed to a localised increase in channel mobility and/or flooding whilst the workshop was active, producing challenging conditions for salt production. The workshop was abandoned following an intense flood event in ~ 500 cal BCE, coinciding with a major hydrological shift towards wetter floodplain conditions, likely arising from a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. This study demonstrates the importance of understanding the environmental context of salt production and the roles of water management and briquetage disposal practices, which have been largely overlooked at other intensive salt making sites that employed the “briquetage technique”