Détermination, maîtrise et réduction des biais et incertitudes de la réactivité du réacteur Jules HOROWITZ

Le formulaire de calcul neutronique HORUS3D/N dédié au Réacteur Jules Horowitz (RJH), sert aux études de conception et de sûreté du réacteur. La maîtrise de l'ensemble des paramètres neutroniques du RJH doit être assurée pour l'instruction du rapport de sûreté de l'installation. Ce travail de recherche s'inscrit dans cet objectif et s'attache à la détermination, la maîtrise et la réduction des incertitudes dues aux données nucléaires sur la réactivité du Réacteur Jules Horowitz (RJH). Une démarche rigoureuse et générique a été mise en place : c'est un ensemble cohérent, complet et incrémental qui permet l'identification et la quantification de l'ensemble des sources d'incertitudes et qui a abouti à la maîtrise du biais et des incertitudes dus aux données nucléaires sur la réactivité du cas étudié : le Réacteur Jules Horowitz. Cette méthode est basée sur une succession d'études : l'élaboration d'un jeu de matrices de variance-covariance cohérentes concernant les données nucléaires des isotopes d'intérêt, les études de sensibilité aux données nucléaires de l'expérience et de l'application étudiées, la détermination fine des incertitudes technologiques par la mise en œuvre d'une méthode innovante une étude de transposition estimant le biais et l'incertitude a posteriori dus aux données nucléaires sur l'application étudiée. Les différentes étapes s'appuient sur les outils de calcul de référence du CEA (code de calcul Monte-Carlo TRIPOLI4, codes déterministes APOLLO2 et CRONOS2, code d'évaluation CONRAD), l'évaluation de données nucléaires JEFF-3.1.1 et des méthodes de propagation, marginalisation et de transposition des incertitudes. La propagation des incertitudes sur les données nucléaires contenues dans les matrices de variance-covariance conclut à une incertitude a priori de 637 pcm (1 ) sur la réactivité du RJH pour le combustible U3Si2Al enrichi à 19.75% en 235U. L'interprétation des mesures d'oscillation d'échantillons du programme VALMONT dans le réacteur MINERVE a permis la qualification des données nucléaires relatives au combustible du RJH de l'évaluation JEFF-3.1.1 et a mis en évidence la cohérence de leurs incertitudes. Ainsi, l'interprétation de la réactivité du cœur AMMON/Référence a été réalisée avec l'évaluation JEFF-3.1.1 (et le code de référence TRIPOLI4). Un écart calcul/expérience de +376 pcm est observé. Une étude fine de détermination des incertitudes sur la réactivité de la configuration de référence aboutit à 340 pcm (1 ) dues aux incertitudes technologiques et à 671 pcm (1 ) dues aux incertitudes sur les données nucléaires. La transposition du biais et des incertitudes de l'expérience AMMON/Référence est réalisable grâce à l'excellente représentativité de cette dernière vis-à-vis du RJH. La réduction d'un facteur 2 sur l'incertitude à appliquer sur la réactivité début de vie du RJH est ainsi obtenue, ce qui équivaut à un gain d'environ deux jours équivalents pleine puissance (1 ) sur la longueur de cycle. Ainsi, le biais et l'incertitude associée à retenir pour un combustible U3Si2Al enrichi à 19.75 % en 235U, et un cœur RJH critique non barré (réflecteur nu) en début de vie sont de +266 +- 352 pcm (1 ).The neutronics calculation scheme HORUS3D/N is dedicated to the design and safety studies of the Jules Horowitz Reactor (JHR). The control of the whole neutronics parameters of the JHR must be ensured for the safety report. This work focuses in the determination and control of uncertainties on the reactivity of the Jules Horowitz reactor due to nuclear data. A rigorous and consistent method was used. It leads to the identification and quantification of the bias and the uncertainty bias due to nuclear data on the reactivity of the considered case: the Jules Horowitz Reactor. Several steps were followed: - the set-up of a reliable dataset of covariance matrices on nuclear data of the isotopes of interest, - the sensitivity studies to nuclear data of the representative experiment and the reactor, - an accurate determination of the technological uncertainties using an innovative method, - a transposition stage of the experimental bias and the associated uncertainty due to nuclear data using the representativity method applied to the JHR. These steps were performed using the CEA's reference calculation tools (Monte-Carlo calculation code TRIPOLI4, deterministic codes APOLLO2 and CRONOS2, evaluation code CONRAD), the European JEFF-3.1.1 nuclear data evaluation and a suitable set of uncertainty propagation, marginalization and transposition techniques. The propagation of uncertainties on nuclear data contained by the variance-covariance matrices concludes to a prior uncertainty of 637 pcm (1 ) on the JHR reactivity for U3Si2Al fuel enriched to 19.75% in 235U. The interpretation of the oscillations of the VALMONT program allowed the experimental validation of the JEFF-3.1.1 nuclear data concerning the JHR fuel and highlights the good agreement of their uncertainties Thus, the interpretation of the reactivity of the AMMON/Reference core was done with the JEFF-3.1.1 evaluation (and Monte-Carlo code TRIPOLI4) and shows a bias of + 376 pcm. A fine study of the technological uncertainties leads to a value of 340 pcm (1 ) on the reactivity and the propagation of the nuclear data uncertainties on the reactivity amounts to 671 pcm (1 ). Transposition and reduction of the bias and prior nuclear data uncertainty were made using the Representativity method which demonstrates the similarity of the AMMON experiment with JHR. The final impact of JEFF-3.1.1 nuclear data on the Begin of Life JHR reactivity calculated by the HORUS3D/N V4.0 (U3Si2Al fuel enriched to 19.75% in 235U) is a bias of +266 pcm with an associated posterior uncertainty of 352 pcm (1 ).SAVOIE-SCD - Bib.électronique (730659901) / SudocGRENOBLE1/INP-Bib.électronique (384210012) / SudocGRENOBLE2/3-Bib.électronique (384219901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Ultra-sensitive and selective Hg2+ chemosensors derived from substituted 8-hydroxyquinoline analogues

International audienceNovel analogues of 8-hydroxyquinoline with phosphinate or thiophosphinate functions and styryl fluorophores in the para position to the nitrogen atom were prepared via multi-step syntheses, using phosphorylation and Wittig coupling reactions. A strong affinity between the quinoline analogues and heavy metal ions such as Pb2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ was highlighted. The interaction of the metal ions with the nitrogen of the styrylquinoline leads to a large red shift of the absorption and emission spectra in agreement with an increase of the photoinduced charge transfer character of the styryl fluorophore. In the presence of metal ions the appearance of a green fluorescence emission is also observed upon excitation at 420 nm or 840 nm, thanks to a significant increase of the two-photon response. Under optimal conditions, a mercury concentration of 15 ppt in a partially aqueous medium can be detected using the thiophosphinate derivative without interference from other metal ions

Temporal evolution of age data under transient pumping conditions

International audienceWhile most age data derived from tracers have been analyzed in steady-state flow conditions, we determine their temporal evolution when starting a pumping. Our study is based on a model made up of a shallowly dipping aquifer overlain by a less permeable aquitard characteristic of the crystalline aquifer of Plœmeur (Brittany, France). Under a pseudo transient flow assumption (instantaneous shift between two steady-state flow fields), we solve the transport equation with a backward particle-tracking method and determine the temporal evolution of the concentrations at the pumping well of CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113 and SF6. Apparent ages evolve because of the modifications of the flow pattern and because of the non-linear evolution of the tracer atmospheric concentrations. To identify the respective role of these two causes, we propose two successive analyses. We first convolute residence time distributions initially arising at different times at the same sampling time. We secondly convolute one residence time distribution at various sampling times. We show that flow pattern modifications control the apparent ages evolution in the first pumping year when the residence time distribution is modified from a piston-like distribution to a much broader distribution. In the first pumping year, the apparent age evolution contains transient information that can be used to better constrain hydrogeological systems and slightly compensate for the small number of tracers. Later, the residence time distribution hardly evolves and apparent ages only evolve because of the tracer atmospheric concentrations. In this phase, apparent age time-series do not reflect any evolution in the flow pattern

Investigations on the vulnerability of advanced CMOS technologies to MGy dose environments

This paper investigates the TID sensitivity of silicon-based technologies at several MGy irradiation doses to evaluate their potential for high TID-hardened circuits. Such circuits will be used in several specific applications suc as safety systems of current or future nuclear power plants considering various radiation environments including normal and accidental operating conditions, high energy physics instruments, fusion experiments or deep space missions. Various device designs implemented in well established bulk silicon and Partially Depleted SOI technologies are studied here up to 3 MGy. Furthermore, new insights are given on the vulnerability of more advanced technologies including planar Fully Depleted SOI and multiple-gate SOI transistors at such high dose. Potential of tested technologies are compared and discussed for stand-alone integrated circuits

Inferring field-scale properties of a fractured aquifer from ground surface deformation during a well test

International audienceFractured aquifers which bear valuable water resources are often difficult to characterize with classical hydrogeological tools due to their intrinsic heterogeneities. Here, we implement ground surface deformation tools (tiltmetry and optical leveling) to monitor groundwater pressure changes induced by a classical hydraulic test at the Ploemeur observatory. By jointly analyzing complementary time constraining data (tilt) and spatially constraining data (vertical displacement), our results strongly suggest that the use of these surface deformation observations allows for estimating storativity and structural properties (dip, root depth, lateral extension) of a large hydraulically active fracture, in good agreement with previous studies. Hence, we demonstrate that ground surface deformation is a useful addition to traditional hydrogeological techniques and opens possibilities for characterizing important large-scale properties of fractured aquifers with short-term well tests as a controlled forcing

Genetic diversity and relationships of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) with native and introduced definitive and intermediate hosts

Fasciolosis is a worldwide spread parasitosis mainly caused by the trematode Fasciola hepatica. This disease is particularly important for public health in tropical regions, but it can also affect the economies of many developed countries due to large infections in domestic animals. Although several studies have tried to understand the transmission by studying the prevalence of different host species, only a few have used population genetic approaches to understand the links between domestic and wildlife infections. Here, we present the results of such genetic approach combined with classical parasitological data (prevalence and intensity) by studying domestic and wild definitive hosts from Camargue (southern France) where fasciolosis is considered as a problem. We found 60% of domestic hosts (cattle) infected with F. hepatica but lower values in wild hosts (nutria, 19%; wild boars, 4.5%). We explored nine variable microsatellite loci for 1,148 adult flukes recovered from four different populations (non-treated cattle, treated cattle, nutria and wild boars). Populations from the four groups differed, though we found a number of migrants particularly non-treated cattle and nutria. Overall, we detected 729 different multilocus genotypes (from 783 completely genotyped individuals) and only 46 genotypes repeated across samples. Finally, we experimentally infected native and introduced intermediate snail hosts to explore their compatibility with F. hepatica and assess the risks of fasciolosis expansion in the region. The introduced species Galba truncatula and Pseudosuccinea columella attained the higher values of overall compatibility in relation to the European species. However, concerning the origin, sympatric combinations of G. truncatula were more compatible (higher prevalence, intensity and survival) than the allopatric tested. According to our results, we should note that the assessment of epidemiological risks cannot be limited to a single host–parasite system, but should focus on understanding the diversity of hosts in the heterogeneous environment through space and time.Fil: Vázquez, Antonio A.. Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Pedro Kourí”; Cuba. Université Montpellier II; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; FranciaFil: Sabourin, Emeline. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; FranciaFil: Alda, Maria del Pilar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Laboratorio de Zoología de Invertebrados I; Argentina. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; FranciaFil: Leroy, Clémentine. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; FranciaFil: Leray, Carole. Institut de Recherche de la Tour du Valat; FranciaFil: Carron, Eric. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; FranciaFil: Mulero, Stephen. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; Francia. Université de Perpignan Via Domitia; FranciaFil: Caty, Céline. Institut de Recherche de la Tour du Valat; FranciaFil: Hasfia, Sarah. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; FranciaFil: Boisseau, Michel. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; FranciaFil: Saugné, Lucas. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; FranciaFil: Pineau, Olivier. Institut de Recherche de la Tour du Valat; FranciaFil: Blanchon, Thomas. Institut de Recherche de la Tour du Valat; FranciaFil: Alba, Annia. Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Pedro Kourí”; Cuba. Università di Corsica Pasquale Paoli; FranciaFil: Faugère, Dominique. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; FranciaFil: Vittecoq, Marion. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; Francia. Institut de Recherche de la Tour du Valat; FranciaFil: Hurtrez Boussès, Sylvie. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Montpellier II; Franci

High Total Ionizing Dose and Temperature Effects on Micro- and Nano-Electronic Devices

This paper investigates the vulnerability of several micro- and nano-electronic technologies to a mixed harsh environment involving high total ionizing dose at MGy levels and high temperature. Such operating conditions emerge today for several applications like new security systems in existing or future nuclear power plants, fusion experiments, or deep space missions. In this work, the competing effects of ionizing radiations and temperature are characterized in elementary devices made of MOS transistors from several technologies. First, devices are irradiated using a radiation laboratory X-ray source up to MGy dose levels at room temperature. Devices are either grounded or biased during irradiation to simulate two major circuit cases: a circuit which waits for a wake up signal, representing most of the lifetime of an integrated circuit operating in a harsh environment, and a nominal circuit function. Devices are then annealed at several temperatures to discuss the post-irradiation behavior and to determine whether an elevated temperature is an issue or not for circuit function in mixed harsh environments

Trade-Offs Between Reducing Complex Terminology and Producing Accurate Interpretations from Environmental DNA: Comment on “Environmental DNA: What\u27s behind the term?” by Pawlowski et al., (2020)

In a recent paper, “Environmental DNA: What\u27s behind the term? Clarifying the terminology and recommendations for its future use in biomonitoring,” Pawlowski et al. argue that the term eDNA should be used to refer to the pool of DNA isolated from environmental samples, as opposed to only extra-organismal DNA from macro-organisms. We agree with this view. However, we are concerned that their proposed two-level terminology specifying sampling environment and targeted taxa is overly simplistic and might hinder rather than improve clear communication about environmental DNA and its use in biomonitoring. This terminology is based on categories that are often difficult to assign and uninformative, and it overlooks a fundamental distinction within eDNA: the type of DNA (organismal or extra-organismal) from which ecological interpretations are derived

Temporal and spatial scaling of hydraulic response to recharge in fractured aquifers: Insights from a frequency domain analysis

International audienceQuantification of the recharge in fractured aquifers is particularly challenging because of the multiscale heterogeneity and the range of temporal scales involved. Here we investigate the hydraulic response to recharge of a fractured aquifer, using a frequency domain approach. Transfer functions are calculated in a range of temporal scales from 1 day up to a few years, for a fractured crystalline-rock aquifer located in Ploemeur (S Brittany, France), using recharge and groundwater level fluctuations as input and output respectively. The spatial variability of the response to recharge (characteristic response time, amplitude, temporal scaling) is analyzed for 10 wells sampling the different compartments of the aquifer. Some of the transfer functions follow the linear reservoir model behavior. On the contrary, others display a temporal scaling at high frequency that cannot be represented by classic models. Large-scale hydraulic parameters, estimated from the low-frequency response, are compared with those estimated from hydraulic tests at different scales. The variability of transmissivity and storage coefficient tends to decrease with scale, and the average estimates converge toward the highest values at large scale. The small-scale variability of diffusivities, which implies the existence of a range of characteristic temporal scales associated with different pathways, is suggested to be at the origin of the unconventional temporal scaling of the hydraulic response to recharge at high frequenc