Caminos divergentes para la protección social en salud en México

Current political plurality in Mexico is expressed in different models of social policies and in the tension of the exercise of government between domestic and national levels. The objective of this paper was to contrasts the contents together with the main conflictive points of the national health policy (Mexico) against the domestic health policy (Mexico's Federal District). To achieve this goal, development plans, programmatic documents and budgets within the period 1994-2006 were analyzed. As a consequence, similarities and substantial differences were found regarding socio-sanitary diagnoses, agendas, strategies and priority programs.En México, la reciente pluralidad política se expresa en diferentes modelos de políticas sociales y en la tensión en el ejercicio de gobierno entre los niveles local y nacional. El objetivo de este trabajo fue contrastar los contenidos y ámbitos principales de conflictividad de la política de salud nacional (México) versus la política de salud local (Distrito Federal). Para ello, se analizaron planes de desarrollo, documentos programáticos, presupuestos e informes del período 1994-2006, en los que se encontraron similitudes en los diagnósticos sociosanitarios y diferencias sustanciales en las agendas, las estrategias y los programas prioritarios

Los efectos de las transformaciones del sistema público de salud sobre la equidad en México, 1995-2002

Identify the possible effects on health equity that may be linked to the "reform interventions" developed in Mexico during 1995 and 2005. The health inequalities among the country Federal Entities were analyzed and those which constitute inequities were identified. The inequalities were measured through the Health Inequities Index (HII) with help of EPIDAT 3.1 package. The inequity analysis included a comparison of the indicators on health outcomes and the access services and the basic indicators similar for Latin America, and the valuation of the inequalities referred of the unavoidable, injustice, and unacceptability criteria according to recognized standards of the definition of inequality. The values of INIQUIS showed that the global relative inequality among the States had an increase higher than 30% between 1995 and 2002. The relative inequality in living conditions decreased in 12%; meanwhile, the health and service access results increased in 30% and 10% respectively those years. The behavior of INIQUIS suggested that the inequality-inequity levels between Federal Entities not appear to have been influenced significantly for the sanity reform interventions developed from 1995 to 2002 in MexicoEl objetivo de este estudio es identificar los posibles efectos que sobre la equidad en salud pueden ser vinculados con las "intervenciones de reforma" desarrolladas en México durante 1995 y 2002. Se analizaron las desigualdades en salud entre las entidades federativas del país y se identificaron aquellas que constituyen inequidades. La medición de las desigualdades en salud se hizo a través del Índice de Inequidades en Salud (INIQUIS) con ayuda del paquete EPIDAT 3.1. El análisis de la inequidad incluyó la comparación de los indicadores sobre resultados de salud y acceso a servicios con indicadores básicos del mismo tipo para América Latina y la valoración de las desigualdades que aludían a evitabilidad, injusticia e inaceptabilidad según los criterios reconocidos de la definición de inequidad. Los valores del INIQUIS mostraron que la desigualdad relativa global entre los estados del país tuvo un incremento superior al 30% entre 1995 y 2002. La desigualdad relativa en las condiciones de vida disminuyó 12%; mientras que en los resultados de salud y en el acceso a servicios se incrementó en 30% y 10% respectivamente. El comportamiento del INIQUIS sugirió que los niveles de desigualdad-inequidad en salud entre las entidades federativas no parecen haber sido influidas significativamente por las intervenciones de la reforma sanitaria desarrolladas en México entre 1995 y 200

RICORS2040 : The need for collaborative research in chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a silent and poorly known killer. The current concept of CKD is relatively young and uptake by the public, physicians and health authorities is not widespread. Physicians still confuse CKD with chronic kidney insufficiency or failure. For the wider public and health authorities, CKD evokes kidney replacement therapy (KRT). In Spain, the prevalence of KRT is 0.13%. Thus health authorities may consider CKD a non-issue: very few persons eventually need KRT and, for those in whom kidneys fail, the problem is 'solved' by dialysis or kidney transplantation. However, KRT is the tip of the iceberg in the burden of CKD. The main burden of CKD is accelerated ageing and premature death. The cut-off points for kidney function and kidney damage indexes that define CKD also mark an increased risk for all-cause premature death. CKD is the most prevalent risk factor for lethal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the factor that most increases the risk of death in COVID-19, after old age. Men and women undergoing KRT still have an annual mortality that is 10- to 100-fold higher than similar-age peers, and life expectancy is shortened by ~40 years for young persons on dialysis and by 15 years for young persons with a functioning kidney graft. CKD is expected to become the fifth greatest global cause of death by 2040 and the second greatest cause of death in Spain before the end of the century, a time when one in four Spaniards will have CKD. However, by 2022, CKD will become the only top-15 global predicted cause of death that is not supported by a dedicated well-funded Centres for Biomedical Research (CIBER) network structure in Spain. Realizing the underestimation of the CKD burden of disease by health authorities, the Decade of the Kidney initiative for 2020-2030 was launched by the American Association of Kidney Patients and the European Kidney Health Alliance. Leading Spanish kidney researchers grouped in the kidney collaborative research network Red de Investigación Renal have now applied for the Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS) call for collaborative research in Spain with the support of the Spanish Society of Nephrology, Federación Nacional de Asociaciones para la Lucha Contra las Enfermedades del Riñón and ONT: RICORS2040 aims to prevent the dire predictions for the global 2040 burden of CKD from becoming true

Impact of cross-section uncertainties on supernova neutrino spectral parameter fitting in the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment

A primary goal of the upcoming Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is to measure the $\mathcal{O}(10)$ MeV neutrinos produced by a Galactic core-collapse supernova if one should occur during the lifetime of the experiment. The liquid-argon-based detectors planned for DUNE are expected to be uniquely sensitive to the $\nu_e$ component of the supernova flux, enabling a wide variety of physics and astrophysics measurements. A key requirement for a correct interpretation of these measurements is a good understanding of the energy-dependent total cross section $\sigma(E_\nu)$ for charged-current $\nu_e$ absorption on argon. In the context of a simulated extraction of supernova $\nu_e$ spectral parameters from a toy analysis, we investigate the impact of $\sigma(E_\nu)$ modeling uncertainties on DUNE's supernova neutrino physics sensitivity for the first time. We find that the currently large theoretical uncertainties on $\sigma(E_\nu)$ must be substantially reduced before the $\nu_e$ flux parameters can be extracted reliably: in the absence of external constraints, a measurement of the integrated neutrino luminosity with less than 10\% bias with DUNE requires $\sigma(E_\nu)$ to be known to about 5%. The neutrino spectral shape parameters can be known to better than 10% for a 20% uncertainty on the cross-section scale, although they will be sensitive to uncertainties on the shape of $\sigma(E_\nu)$. A direct measurement of low-energy $\nu_e$-argon scattering would be invaluable for improving the theoretical precision to the needed level.Comment: 25 pages, 21 figure

Identification and reconstruction of low-energy electrons in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector

Measurements of electrons from $\nu_e$ interactions are crucial for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) neutrino oscillation program, as well as searches for physics beyond the standard model, supernova neutrino detection, and solar neutrino measurements. This article describes the selection and reconstruction of low-energy (Michel) electrons in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector. ProtoDUNE-SP is one of the prototypes for the DUNE far detector, built and operated at CERN as a charged particle test beam experiment. A sample of low-energy electrons produced by the decay of cosmic muons is selected with a purity of 95%. This sample is used to calibrate the low-energy electron energy scale with two techniques. An electron energy calibration based on a cosmic ray muon sample uses calibration constants derived from measured and simulated cosmic ray muon events. Another calibration technique makes use of the theoretically well-understood Michel electron energy spectrum to convert reconstructed charge to electron energy. In addition, the effects of detector response to low-energy electron energy scale and its resolution including readout electronics threshold effects are quantified. Finally, the relation between the theoretical and reconstructed low-energy electron energy spectrum is derived and the energy resolution is characterized. The low-energy electron selection presented here accounts for about 75% of the total electron deposited energy. After the addition of lost energy using a Monte Carlo simulation, the energy resolution improves from about 40% to 25% at 50~MeV. These results are used to validate the expected capabilities of the DUNE far detector to reconstruct low-energy electrons.Comment: 19 pages, 10 figure

The DUNE far detector vertical drift technology. Technical design report

DUNE is an international experiment dedicated to addressing some of the questions at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics, including the mystifying preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe. The dual-site experiment will employ an intense neutrino beam focused on a near and a far detector as it aims to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and to make high-precision measurements of the PMNS matrix parameters, including the CP-violating phase. It will also stand ready to observe supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector implements liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) technology, and combines the many tens-of-kiloton fiducial mass necessary for rare event searches with the sub-centimeter spatial resolution required to image those events with high precision. The addition of a photon detection system enhances physics capabilities for all DUNE physics drivers and opens prospects for further physics explorations. Given its size, the far detector will be implemented as a set of modules, with LArTPC designs that differ from one another as newer technologies arise. In the vertical drift LArTPC design, a horizontal cathode bisects the detector, creating two stacked drift volumes in which ionization charges drift towards anodes at either the top or bottom. The anodes are composed of perforated PCB layers with conductive strips, enabling reconstruction in 3D. Light-trap-style photon detection modules are placed both on the cryostat's side walls and on the central cathode where they are optically powered. This Technical Design Report describes in detail the technical implementations of each subsystem of this LArTPC that, together with the other far detector modules and the near detector, will enable DUNE to achieve its physics goals

Highly-parallelized simulation of a pixelated LArTPC on a GPU

The rapid development of general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU) is allowing the implementation of highly-parallelized Monte Carlo simulation chains for particle physics experiments. This technique is particularly suitable for the simulation of a pixelated charge readout for time projection chambers, given the large number of channels that this technology employs. Here we present the first implementation of a full microphysical simulator of a liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) equipped with light readout and pixelated charge readout, developed for the DUNE Near Detector. The software is implemented with an end-to-end set of GPU-optimized algorithms. The algorithms have been written in Python and translated into CUDA kernels using Numba, a just-in-time compiler for a subset of Python and NumPy instructions. The GPU implementation achieves a speed up of four orders of magnitude compared with the equivalent CPU version. The simulation of the current induced on 10^3 pixels takes around 1 ms on the GPU, compared with approximately 10 s on the CPU. The results of the simulation are compared against data from a pixel-readout LArTPC prototype

Carga de la enfermedad en México, 1990-2010. Nuevos resultados y desafíos

La publicación de un texto que muestra un panorama actualizado de la situación de la enfermedad en México, con información que va más allá de los indicadores convencionales de mortalidad, es digna de celebrarse pues expresa la madurez de una línea de trabajo sobre lo que conocemos como “carga de la enfermedad” y sintetiza los años de vida perdidos por muerte prematura y por discapacidad, lo que posibilita una métrica común para conocer la pérdida de años de vida saludable por enfermedades diversas..