The Theory of Brown Dwarfs and Extrasolar Giant Planets

Straddling the traditional realms of the planets and the stars, objects below the edge of the main sequence have such unique properties, and are being discovered in such quantities, that one can rightly claim that a new field at the interface of planetary science and and astronomy is being born. In this review, we explore the essential elements of the theory of brown dwarfs and giant planets, as well as of the new spectroscopic classes L and T. To this end, we describe their evolution, spectra, atmospheric compositions, chemistry, physics, and nuclear phases and explain the basic systematics of substellar-mass objects across three orders of magnitude in both mass and age and a factor of 30 in effective temperature. Moreover, we discuss the distinctive features of those extrasolar giant planets that are irradiated by a central primary, in particular their reflection spectra, albedos, and transits. Aspects of the latest theory of Jupiter and Saturn are also presented. Throughout, we highlight the effects of condensates, clouds, molecular abundances, and molecular/atomic opacities in brown dwarf and giant planet atmospheres and summarize the resulting spectral diagnostics. Where possible, the theory is put in its current observational context.Comment: 67 pages (including 36 figures), RMP RevTeX LaTeX, accepted for publication in the Reviews of Modern Physics. 30 figures are color. Most of the figures are in GIF format to reduce the overall size. The full version with figures can also be found at: http://jupiter.as.arizona.edu/~burrows/papers/rm

Prevalencia de parasitismo intestinal en la comunidad Seminke del resguardo indígena Wiwa de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 2014

Introduction: it has been reported, in Latin America, highs parasitism prevalent activities in indigenous communities, considered as a health public problem. In Colombia, studies in these offerings are few, but these studies show similar prevalence. Objective: To determine the general and specific gastrointestinal parasite prevalence, and related factors in the indigenous community of Seminke of Wiwa shelter, in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 2014. Methods: Cross-sectional study in indigenous population, where information collection is enhanced by a social-health survey, and analysis pro triplicate samples of fecal matter subsequence of a Mini Parasep sf. concentration. The description of the population was carried out with summary measures and then the variables were compared through chi-square tests of Pearson and Mann-Whitney, taking into account a significance value of 0.05 in SPSS 21.0. Results: 81 Indigenous were included with a mean age of 19 years (2 months-93 years), finding a parasitism of 96.4%, with 94% of polyparasitism, up to 9 agents per person, versus 97.6% of protozoa to 27.7% of helminths which 67.5% were pathogens. Among the most prevalent species, it was found Blastocystis spp with 94%, Endolimax nana 89.2%, E. coli 84.3%, E. histolytica/E. dispar 55.4% and 44.6% Giardia intestinalis. It was found several statistics according with the gender, not use any treatment for drinking water, the way to eliminate waste, indoor air relationship with animals and the use of shoes. Conclusion: it was found the highest prevalence reported among studies of indigenous communities in Colombia, it was found as risk factors; absence of water treatment; the waste treatment and the intra- or extra-domestic coexistence with animals. © 2015 [email protected]

Prevalencia de parasitismo intestinal en la comunidad Seminke del resguardo indígena Wiwa de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 2014

Introduction: it has been reported, in Latin America, highs parasitism prevalent activities in indigenous communities, considered as a health public problem. In Colombia, studies in these offerings are few, but these studies show similar prevalence. Objective: To determine the general and specific gastrointestinal parasite prevalence, and related factors in the indigenous community of Seminke of Wiwa shelter, in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 2014. Methods: Cross-sectional study in indigenous population, where information collection is enhanced by a social-health survey, and analysis pro triplicate samples of fecal matter subsequence of a Mini Parasep sf. concentration. The description of the population was carried out with summary measures and then the variables were compared through chi-square tests of Pearson and Mann-Whitney, taking into account a significance value of 0.05 in SPSS 21.0. Results: 81 Indigenous were included with a mean age of 19 years (2 months-93 years), finding a parasitism of 96.4%, with 94% of polyparasitism, up to 9 agents per person, versus 97.6% of protozoa to 27.7% of helminths which 67.5% were pathogens. Among the most prevalent species, it was found Blastocystis spp with 94%, Endolimax nana 89.2%, E. coli 84.3%, E. histolytica/E. dispar 55.4% and 44.6% Giardia intestinalis. It was found several statistics according with the gender, not use any treatment for drinking water, the way to eliminate waste, indoor air relationship with animals and the use of shoes. Conclusion: it was found the highest prevalence reported among studies of indigenous communities in Colombia, it was found as risk factors; absence of water treatment; the waste treatment and the intra- or extra-domestic coexistence with animals. © 2015 [email protected]

Prevalencia de parasitismo intestinal en la comunidad Seminke del resguardo indígena Wiwa de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 2014

Introduction: it has been reported, in Latin America, highs parasitism prevalent activities in indigenous communities, considered as a health public problem. In Colombia, studies in these offerings are few, but these studies show similar prevalence. Objective: To determine the general and specific gastrointestinal parasite prevalence, and related factors in the indigenous community of Seminke of Wiwa shelter, in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 2014. Methods: Cross-sectional study in indigenous population, where information collection is enhanced by a social-health survey, and analysis pro triplicate samples of fecal matter subsequence of a Mini Parasep sf. concentration. The description of the population was carried out with summary measures and then the variables were compared through chi-square tests of Pearson and Mann-Whitney, taking into account a significance value of 0.05 in SPSS 21.0. Results: 81 Indigenous were included with a mean age of 19 years (2 months-93 years), finding a parasitism of 96.4%, with 94% of polyparasitism, up to 9 agents per person, versus 97.6% of protozoa to 27.7% of helminths which 67.5% were pathogens. Among the most prevalent species, it was found Blastocystis spp with 94%, Endolimax nana 89.2%, E. coli 84.3%, E. histolytica/E. dispar 55.4% and 44.6% Giardia intestinalis. It was found several statistics according with the gender, not use any treatment for drinking water, the way to eliminate waste, indoor air relationship with animals and the use of shoes. Conclusion: it was found the highest prevalence reported among studies of indigenous communities in Colombia, it was found as risk factors; absence of water treatment; the waste treatment and the intra- or extra-domestic coexistence with animals.Introducción: Se han reportado en Latinoamérica altas prevalecías de parasitosis en comunidades indígenas, considerándose como un problema de salud pública. En Colombia los estudios en estas oblaciones son escasos, pero los existentes muestran prevalencia similares. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia global y específica de parasitismo intestinal y sus factores relacionados en la comunidad indígena Seminke del resguardo indígena Wiwa de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 2014. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en población indígena, donde la recolección de la información, se realizó por medio de una encuesta socio-sanitaria y el análisis por triplicado de muestras de materia fecal posterior a una concentración con Mini Parasep sf. La descripción de la población se realizó con medidas de resumen y posteriormente se compararon las variables a través de las pruebas de chi cuadrado de Pearson y U de Mann-Whitney, teniendo en cuenta un valor de significancia del 0,05 en SPSS 21.0. Resultados: Se incluyeron 81 indígenas con edad promedio de 19 años (2 meses-93 años), hallándose un parasitismo del 96.4%, con un 94% de poliparasitismo, hasta con 9 agentes por persona, 97.6% de protozoos frente a un 27.7% de helmintos de los cuales el 67.5% fueron patógenos. Entre las especies más prevalentes se encontraron Blastocystis spp con el 94%, Endolimax nana 89.2%, E. coli 84.3%, E. histolytica/E. dispar 55.4% y Giardia intestinalis 44.6%. Se presentaron diferencias estadísticas según el sexo, ocupación, el no utilizar ningún tratamiento para potabilizar el agua, la forma de eliminación de las basuras, la relación intradomiciliaria con los animales y el uso de calzado. Conclusión: Se evidencia una de las más altas prevalencias reportadas entre los estudios de comunidades indígenas del país, encontrándose como factores de riesgo; la falta de tratamiento del agua; la forma de eliminación de basuras y la convivencia intra o extradomiciliario con animales

The Genome Sequence of Taurine Cattle:A Window to Ruminant Biology and Evolution

To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage. The cattle genome contains a minimum of 22,000 genes, with a core set of 14,345 orthologs shared among seven mammalian species of which 1217 are absent or undetected in noneutherian (marsupial or monotreme) genomes. Cattle-specific evolutionary breakpoint regions in chromosomes have a higher density of segmental duplications, enrichment of repetitive elements, and species-specific variations in genes associated with lactation and immune responsiveness. Genes involved in metabolism are generally highly conserved, although five metabolic genes are deleted or extensively diverged from their human orthologs. The cattle genome sequence thus provides a resource for understanding mammalian evolution and accelerating livestock genetic improvement for milk and meat production.Fil: Bovine Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium. Bovine Genome Sequencing And Analysis Consortium; Estados UnidosFil: Amadio, Ariel Fernando. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Poli, Mario Andres. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Genética; Argentin