Selective recruitment of CXCR3+ and CCR5+ CCR4+ T cells into synovial tissue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

The inflamed synovial tissue (ST) of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by the selective accumulation of interferon gamma-producing Th1-type CD4+ T cells. In this study, we investigated whether the predominance of Th1-type CD4+ cells in the ST lesion is mediated by their selective recruitment through Th1 cell-associated chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5. The lymphocyte aggregates in the ST of RA contained a large number of CD4+ T cells, which mostly expressed both CXCR3 and CCR5, but not CCR4. In contrast, the frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing CXCR3 and CCR5 in the blood were significantly decreased in RA patients, compared with healthy controls (HC), although there was no difference in the frequencies of CCR4-expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells between RA and HC. CXCR3, CCR5, and CCR4 expression in blood CD4 + T cells and CXCR3 expression in CD8+ T cells were increased after interleukin-15 (IL-15) stimulation. Therefore, the distribution of Th1-type CD4+ T cells into the ST from the blood in RA may be associated with the local expression of chemokines, both CXCR3 and CCR5 ligands, and IL-15 may play a role in enhancing these chemokine receptors on CD4+ T cell infiltrates.</p

Impact of an Advanced Cardiac Life Support Process Improvement Initiative on Leadership Role Comfort

Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (ECPR) in the Emergency Department (ED) requires optimized advanced cardiac life support (ACLS). An ACLS leader monitors compressions, orders medications, performs rhythm checks, directs defibrillation, and times events. This role was reassigned from physicians to nurses. Nurse led ACLS may allow physicians to assess ECPR inclusion criteria. There is limited research on ACLS leader role comfort for nurses. We hypothesized an ECPR initiative in the ED would improve personnel comfort in the ACLS leader role. ECPR initiative implementation included didactics and simulation training. A survey was distributed to ED residents, attending physicians, and nurses, and included six Likert-scale items on comfort with the ACLS leader role. Surveys were administered 6 months prior to and 3 months after implementation. There were 91 respondents at baseline and 100 respondents in the follow-up, resulting in a 43% and 48% response rate, respectively. We used Mann-Whitney tests to compare ordinal variables and non-parametric tests to assess the impact of initiative completion and level of experience on a cumulative score for comfort. We observed no significant changes for the six comfort items from the baseline survey regardless of respondent group. In the post-period, nurses (22.6/30) and resident physicians (23.9/30) had significantly lower mean cumulative comfort scores when compared to attending physicians (27.5/30) (p\u3c .001). Experience leading ACLS in the past 12 months was a significant predictor of cumulative comfort score for nurses in the post-period (p = .029), even when completion of ECPR requirements was controlled. While most report comfort acting in the role of ACLS leader there was no significant improvement post-initiative. These findings, combined with the significance of experience leading ACLS on comfort for nurses and resident physicians, suggest continued experiential learning and opportunities for simulation

Olmesartan and temocapril prevented the development of hyperglycemia and the deterioration of pancreatic islet morphology in Otsuka-long-evans-Tokushima Fatty rats

We investigated the impact of olmesartan and temocapril on pancreatic islet beta-cells during the development of diabetes mellitus using Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. Four-week-old male OLETF rats were fed standard chow (untreated:n5), or chow containing either 0.005% olmesartan(n5) or 0.01% temocapril (n5) until being sacrificed at 35 weeks of age. Pancreas sections were double-stained with anti-insulin and anti-glucagon antibodies. The percent areas of beta-cells, alpha-cells and non-alpha-non-beta-cells were compared among groups. In untreated OLETF rats, the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level was elevated at the 18th week and remained elevated until the 35th week. On the other hand, no significant elevation in FPG levels was observed in olmesartan- or temocapril-treated rats. Pancreatic islets from olmesartan-treated rats were significantly smaller in size as compared with those from untreated OLETF rats. Furthermore, the average area occupied by beta-cells as a fraction of the total area of an individual islet was significantly higher in olmesartan- or temocapril-treated rats than that in untreated OLETF rats. Olmesartan and temocapril both prevented the development of hyperglycemia, possibly through the prevention of islet beta-cell loss in spontaneously diabetic OLETF rats.</p

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA): a population based gap analysis of trauma patients in England and Wales

INTRODUCTION: Non-compressible torso haemorrhage (NCTH) carries a high mortality in trauma as many patients exsanguinate prior to definitive haemorrhage control. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is an adjunct that has the potential to bridge patients to definitive haemostasis. However, the proportion of trauma patients in whom REBOA may be utilised is unknown. METHODS: We conducted a population based analysis of 2012-2013 Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN) data. We identified the number of patients in whom REBOA may have been utilised, defined by an Abbreviated Injury Scale score ≥3 to abdominal solid organs, abdominal or pelvic vasculature, pelvic fracture with ring disruption or proximal traumatic lower limb amputation, together with a systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg. Patients with non-compressible haemorrhage in the mediastinum, axilla, face or neck were excluded. RESULTS: During 2012-2013, 72 677 adult trauma patients admitted to hospitals in England and Wales were identified. 397 patients had an indication(s) and no contraindications for REBOA with evidence of haemorrhagic shock: 69% men, median age 43 years and median Injury Severity Score 32. Overall mortality was 32%. Major trauma centres (MTCs) received the highest concentration of potential REBOA patients, and would be anticipated to receive a patient in whom REBOA may be utilised every 95 days, increasing to every 46 days in the 10 MTCs with the highest attendance of this injury type. CONCLUSIONS: This TARN database analysis has identified a small group of severely injured, resource intensive patients with a highly lethal injury that is theoretically amenable to REBOA. The highest density of these patients is seen at MTCs, and as such a planned evaluation of REBOA should be further considered in these hospitals

Pelvic trauma : WSES classification and guidelines

Complex pelvic injuries are among the most dangerous and deadly trauma related lesions. Different classification systems exist, some are based on the mechanism of injury, some on anatomic patterns and some are focusing on the resulting instability requiring operative fixation. The optimal treatment strategy, however, should keep into consideration the hemodynamic status, the anatomic impairment of pelvic ring function and the associated injuries. The management of pelvic trauma patients aims definitively to restore the homeostasis and the normal physiopathology associated to the mechanical stability of the pelvic ring. Thus the management of pelvic trauma must be multidisciplinary and should be ultimately based on the physiology of the patient and the anatomy of the injury. This paper presents the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) classification of pelvic trauma and the management Guidelines.Peer reviewe

Open kitchens: customers' influence on chefs' working practices

The open kitchen as a customer restaurant vista is an emerging phenomenon. The existing research on chefs has primarily focused on the dark side of professional kitchen work which is often facilitated by being closed production spaces. To date, limited research has explored the transformation of chefs' experience through the re-orientation of their work environment from closed to open kitchens which now necessitate customer engagement. We build on the research gap, by investigating chefs’ perceptions of this transition, through a Goffmanian lens to theorise the impact of customer interactions. Purposive and snowball sampling strategies were employed to identify and interview twenty-eight chefs located in different cities in the UK. Chefs spoke passionately about how their social reality and shared perceptions of kitchen work are shifting due to exposure to customers. Fundamental, positive changes are occurring for chefs' working practices and the skills required in meeting the demands of the experience economy. Theoretically, our novel findings offer a fresh perspective of the modern chef and advance the conversation beyond the negative connotations portrayed of kitchen life