Assessing Knowledge of Cleft Lip and Palate Among Dental Students at the Universtiy of Pacific Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry

Objectives: Orofacial clefts (OFC) are among the most common congenital anomalies, the most severe congenital anomalies of the orofacial region, requiring long and challenging multidisciplinary treatment. There is no doubt that all dental providers meet in their practice patients with OFC. Their knowledge, skills and experience are reflected in treatment outcomes. Methods: We created an anonymous Qualtrics survey to assess the basic knowledge about OFC among Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry students and orthodontic residents. It consists of 20 questions, including etiology, prevalence, and prevention of clefts and other congenital anomalies. The study continues and so far results are available from 145 respondents. Results: Our findings indicate very good knowledge of etiology of non-syndromic cleft lip and palate. All orthodontic residents and 78% of DDS students answered correctly as “genetics and environmental factors”. Also, we were pleased with an excellent knowledge of the importance of Folic Acid (FA) in prevention of OFC (88% of DDS students and all orthodontic residents selected FA alone or with other vitamins). However, responses to the timing of supplementation (periconceptional) were correct only in 35% of dental students and half of ortho residents. Conclusions: While the birth prevalence has not changed for decades, not only treatment modalities, but also our understanding of etiology of cleft lip and palate has changed dramatically. Thus, understanding genetics and etiological factors involved in etiology will help not only for better diagnostics and treatment plans but will also create necessary background for efficient programs toward cleft prevention. Acknowledgements: We would like to express our gratitude to Drs. Marie M. Tolarova and Miroslav Tolar for invaluable guidance and support throughout the research process, to Sandra Derian for her help with Qualtrics, and to the participants who volunteered their time and efforts for this study

Ocean Biogeochemistry in GFDL’s Earth System Model 4.1 and its Response to Increasing Atmospheric CO2

This contribution describes the ocean biogeochemical component of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's Earth System Model 4.1 (GFDL‐ESM4.1), assesses GFDL‐ESM4.1's capacity to capture observed ocean biogeochemical patterns, and documents its response to increasing atmospheric CO2. Notable differences relative to the previous generation ofGFDL ESM's include enhanced resolution of plankton food web dynamics, refined particle remineralization, and a larger number of exchanges of nutrients across Earth system components. During model spin‐up, the carbon drift rapidly fell below the 10 Pg C per century equilibration criterion established by the Coupled Climate‐Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project (C4MIP). Simulations robustly captured large‐scale observed nutrient distributions, plankton dynamics, and characteristics of the biological pump. The model overexpressed phosphate limitation and open ocean hypoxia in some areas but still yielded realistic surface and deep carbon system properties, including cumulative carbon uptake since preindustrial times and over the last decades that is consistent with observation‐based estimates. The model's response to the direct and radiative effects of a 200% atmospheric CO2 increase from preindustrial conditions (i.e., years 101–120 of a 1% CO2 yr−1 simulation) included (a) a weakened, shoaling organic carbon pump leading to a 38% reduction in the sinking flux at 2,000 m; (b) a two‐thirds reduction in the calcium carbonate pump that nonetheless generated only weak calcite compensation on century time‐scales; and, in contrast to previous GFDL ESMs, (c) a moderate reduction in global net primary production that was amplified at higher trophic levels. We conclude with a discussion of model limitations and priority developments

CPMIP: measurements of real computational performance of Earth system models in CMIP6

International audienceA climate model represents a multitude of processes on a variety of timescales and space scales: a canoni-cal example of multi-physics multi-scale modeling. The underlying climate system is physically characterized by sensitive dependence on initial conditions, and natural stochastic variability, so very long integrations are needed to extract signals of climate change. Algorithms generally possess weak scaling and can be I/O and/or memory-bound. Such weak-scaling, I/O, and memory-bound multi-physics codes present particular challenges to computational performance. Traditional metrics of computational efficiency such as performance counters and scaling curves do not tell us enough about real sustained performance from climate models on different machines. They also do not provide a satisfactory basis for comparative information across models. We introduce a set of metrics that can be used for the study of computational performance of climate (and Earth system) models. These measures do not require specialized software or specific hardware counters, and should be accessible to anyone. They are independent of platform and underlying parallel programming models. We show how these metrics can be used to measure actually attained performance of Earth system models on different machines, and identify the most fruitful areas of research and development for performance engineering. We present results for these measures for a diverse suite of models from several modeling centers, and propose to use these measures as a basis for a CPMIP, a computational performance model intercomparison project (MIP)

NOAA-GFDL/FMScoupler: 2023.03

<p>No code changes were made to the coupler this release cycle, just tagging current main to be used alongside the corresponding FMS release.</p&gt

Red Cell Distribution Width and Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients

BACKGROUND: Red cell distribution width (RDW) is an index of red blood cell volume variability that has historically been used as a marker of iron-deficiency anemia. More recently, studies have shown that elevated RDW is associated with higher mortality risk in the general population. However, there is lack of data demonstrating the association between RDW and mortality risk in hemodialysis (HD) patients. We hypothesized that higher RDW levels are associated with higher mortality in HD patients. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective observational study using a large HD patient cohort. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 109,675 adult maintenance HD patients treated in a large dialysis organization January 1, 2007–December 31, 2011. PREDICTOR: Baseline and time-varying RDW, grouped into 5 categories: <14.5%, 14.5%–<15.5%, 15.5%–<16.5%, 16.5%–<17.5% and ≥ 17.5%. RDW 15.5%–<16.5% was used as the reference category. OUTCOME: All-cause mortality. RESULTS: The mean age of study participants was 63±15 (SD) years and the study cohort was 44% female. In baseline and time-varying analyses, there was a graded association between higher RDW levels and incrementally higher mortality risk. Receiver operating characteristic, net reclassification analysis and integrated discrimination improvement analyses demonstrated that RDW is a stronger predictor of mortality as compared with traditional markers of anemia such as hemoglobin, ferritin, and iron saturation. LIMITATIONS: Lack of comprehensive data that may be associated with both RDW and HD patient outcomes, such as blood transfusion data, socioeconomic status, and other unknown confounders; therefore the possibility of residual confounding could not be excluded. Also, lack of information on cause of death; thus, cardiovascular mortality outcomes could not be examined. CONCLUSIONS: In HD patients, higher RDW levels are associated with incrementally higher mortality risk. RDW is also a stronger predictor of mortality than traditional laboratory markers of anemia. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanisms underlying the association between RDW and mortality

NOAA-GFDL/FMS: 2023.03

&lt;h2&gt;[2023.03] - 2023-10-27&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;h3&gt;Known Issues&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;GCC 9 and below as well as GCC 11.1.0 are unsupported due to compilation issues. See prior releases for more details.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;NO_QUAD_PRECISION&lt;/code&gt; macro is no longer set by FMS, the &lt;code&gt;ENABLE_QUAD_PRECISION&lt;/code&gt; macro has replaced prior usage of &lt;code&gt;NO_QUAD_PRECISION&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;-DENABLE_QUAD_PRECISION&lt;/code&gt; should be set if quad precision is to be used, otherwise FMS will not use quad precision reals where applicable.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;h3&gt;Added&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;UNIT_TESTS: New unit tests have been created or and existing ones expanded on for any modules utilizing mixed precision support.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;h3&gt;Changed&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;MIXED PRECISION: Most subroutines and functions in FMS have been updated to simultaneously accept both 4 byte and 8 byte reals as arguments. This deprecates the &lt;code&gt;--enable-mixed-mode&lt;/code&gt; option, which enabled similar functionality but was limited to certain directories and was not enabled by default. To facilitate easier testing of these code changes, the CMake precision options for default real size were left in (along with an equivalent &lt;code&gt;--disable-r8-default&lt;/code&gt; flag for autotools). The resulting libraries will support mixed-precision real kinds regardless of default real size. It should also be noted that many routines that accept real arguments have been moved to include files along with headers in order to be compiled with both kinds. Most module level variables were explicitly declared as r8_kind for these updates.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;Some type/module changes were made to facilitate mixed precision support. They are &lt;strong&gt;intended&lt;/strong&gt; to have minimal impact to other codebases:&lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;COUPLER_TYPES: In coupler_types.F90, &lt;code&gt;coupler_nd_field_type&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;coupler_nd_values_type&lt;/code&gt; have been renamed to indicate real kind value: &lt;code&gt;coupler_nd_real4/8_field_type&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;coupler_nd_real4/8_values_type&lt;/code&gt;. The &lt;code&gt;bc&lt;/code&gt; field within &lt;code&gt;coupler_nd_bc_type&lt;/code&gt; was modified to use r8_kind within the value and field types, and an additional field added &lt;code&gt;bc_r4&lt;/code&gt; to use r4_kind values.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;TRIDIAGONAL: Module state between r4 and r8 calls are distinct (ie. subsequent calls will only be affected by calls of the same precision). This behaviour can be changed via the &lt;code&gt;save_both_kinds&lt;/code&gt; optional argument to &lt;code&gt;tri_invert&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;CODE_STYLE: has been updated to reflect the formatting used for the mixed precision support updates.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;h3&gt;Fixed&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;DIAG_MANAGER: Tile number (ie. tileX) will now be added to filenames for sub-regional diagnostics.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;MPP: Bug affecting non-intel compilers coming from uninitialized pointer in the &lt;code&gt;nest_domain_type&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;MPP: Bug fix for unallocated field causing seg faults in &lt;code&gt;mpp_check_field&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;FMS2_IO: Fixed segfault occuring from use of cray pointer remapping along with mpp_scatter/gather&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;TEST_FMS: Added various fixes for different compilers within test programs for fms2_io, mpp, diag_manager, parser, and sat_vapor_pres.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;INTERPOLATOR: Deallocates fields in the type that were previously left out in &lt;code&gt;interpolator_end&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;h3&gt;Removed&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;CPP MACROS:&lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;no_4byte_reals&lt;/code&gt; was removed and will not set any additional macros if used. &lt;code&gt;no_8byte_integers&lt;/code&gt; is still functional.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;NO_QUAD_PRECISION&lt;/code&gt; was removed. It was conditionally set if ENABLE_QUAD_PRECISION was undefined. ENABLE_QUAD_PRECISION should be used in model components instead (logic is flipped)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;use_netCDF&lt;/code&gt; was set by autotools previously but wasn't consistently used in the code. FMS should always be compiled with netcdf installed so this was removed with the exception of its use in deprecated IO modules.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;DRIFTERS: The drifters subdirectory has been deprecated. It will only be compiled if using the &lt;code&gt;-Duse_drifters&lt;/code&gt; CPP flag.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;h3&gt;Tag Commit Hashes&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;2023.03-beta1 06b94a7f574e7794684b8584391744ded68e2989&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;2023.03-alpha3 b25a7c52a27dfd52edc10bc0ebe12776af0f03df&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;2023.03-alpha2 9983ce308e62e9f7215b04c227cebd30fd75e784&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;2023.03-alpha1 a46bd94fd8dd1f6f021501e29179003ff28180ec&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt

A high-resolution physical-biogeochemical model for marine resource applications in the northwest Atlantic (MOM6-COBALT-NWA12 v1.0)

We present the development and evaluation of MOM6-COBALT-NWA12 version 1.0, a 1/12 model of ocean dynamics and biogeochemistry in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. This model is built using the new regional capabilities in the MOM6 ocean model and is coupled with the Carbon, Ocean Biogeochemistry and Lower Trophics (COBALT) biogeochemical model and Sea Ice Simulator version-2 (SIS2) sea ice model. Our goal was to develop a model to provide information to support living-marine-resource applications across management time horizons from seasons to decades. To do this, we struck a balance between a broad, coastwide domain to simulate basin-scale variability and capture cross-boundary issues expected under climate change; a high enough spatial resolution to accurately simulate features like the Gulf Stream separation and advection of water masses through finer-scale coastal features; and the computational economy required to run the long simulations of multiple ensemble members that are needed to quantify prediction uncertainties and produce actionable information. We assess whether MOM6-COBALT-NWA12 is capable of supporting the intended applications by evaluating the model with three categories of metrics: basin-wide indicators of the model's performance, indicators of coastal ecosystem variability and the regional ocean features that drive it, and model run times and computational efficiency. Overall, both the basin-wide and the regional ecosystem-relevant indicators are simulated well by the model. Where notable model biases and errors are present in both types of indicator, they are mainly consistent with the challenges of accurately simulating the Gulf Stream separation, path, and variability: for example, the coastal ocean and shelf north of Cape Hatteras are too warm and salty and have minor biogeochemical biases. During model development, we identified a few model parameters that exerted a notable influence on the model solution, including the horizontal viscosity, mixed-layer restratification, and tidal self-Attraction and loading, which we discuss briefly. The computational performance of the model is adequate to support running numerous long simulations, even with the inclusion of coupled biogeochemistry with 40 additional tracers. Overall, these results show that this first version of a regional MOM6 model for the northwest Atlantic Ocean is capable of efficiently and accurately simulating historical basin-wide and regional mean conditions and variability, laying the groundwork for future studies to analyze this variability in detail, develop and improve parameterizations and model components to better capture local ocean features, and develop predictions and projections of future conditions to support living-marine-resource applications across timescales.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe