Perspectivas sócio ambientias em políticas de preservação do meio ambiente : uma experiência de programa de pagamento por serviço ambiental

Orientador(a): Prof. Dr. Edmilson Cezar PagliaCoorientador(a): Prof(a). Dr(a). Elsi do Rocio Cardoso AlanoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meio Ambiente Urbano e Industrial. Defesa : Curitiba, 07/02/2023Inclui referênciasResumo: Historicamente, o homem precisou criar formas de regular a vida em sociedade através de regras e legitimar toda e qualquer limitação de direitos que viesse dessas regras. Com a formação do Estado, essas formas de regulação ocorreram por meio da criação de Leis, orientando uma ação, permissão ou abstenção, e também da imposição de sanções pelo seu descumprimento. A relação do homem com o meio ambiente é pré-existente a todas as fases de inciativas de estipular esse aparato normativo, uma vez que ela sempre existiu. No entanto, em cada momento, essa relação foi pautada pelo suprimento de necessidades diferentes. A necessidade de preservação do meio ambiente se tornou pauta constante de uma agenda global, após os alertas da comunidade científica para as crises que poderiam resultar das mudanças climáticas, ou as previsões de escassez de recursos, seja pelo seu esgotamento, seja pelo desaparecimento de espécies que detém papel indispensável na regulação de fluxos e processos bioquímicos na natureza. O desenvolvimento de diferentes ciências - jurídica, biológica, química, filosófica, social - nos trouxe ao presente momento, em que somos levados a reavaliar nossa relação com o meio ambiente, as interferências que produzimos nos serviços ecossistêmicos e considerar o potencial das Soluções Baseadas na Natureza, em substituição às "soluções cinzas". Aliado a tudo isso está o questionamento sobre a política ambiental no Brasil, suas características e efetividade prática na preservação dos biomas nacionais e das espécies nativas. Tais questionamentos sobre o meio ambiente e a humanidade têm mostrado que o estudo científico isolado precisa dar espaço para o estudo interdisciplinar, que considere de forma mais holística os problemas que pretende enfrentar. Dessa forma, neste trabalho, se propõe a averiguação de formas alternativas de políticas de preservação ambiental em vigor no país, diferente do sistema comando-controle, a partir do estudo de caso de um programa de Pagamento por Serviço Ambiental em São Bento do Sul/Santa Catarina, que remunera proprietários que preservam e recuperam a vegetação nativa em área de preservação permanente e fora dela, a fim de entender o que difere, no aspecto socioambiental, as políticas dessa natureza, não sancionatórias, mas incentivadoras e recompensatórias.Abstract: Historically, man needed to create ways to regulate life in society through rules and legitimize any limitation of rights that came from these rules. With the formation of the State, these forms of regulation took place through the creation of Laws, guiding an action, permission, or abstention, and also the imposition of sanctions for noncompliance. The relationship between man and the environment is pre-existent to all phases of initiatives to stipulate this normative apparatus, since it has always existed. However, in each moment, this relationship was guided by the supply of different needs. The need to preserve the environment has become a constant item on the global agenda, after the scientific community's warnings about the crises that could result from climate change, or the predictions of resource scarcity, either by its depletion or by the disappearance of species that play an indispensable role in regulating flows and biochemical processes in nature. The development of different sciences - legal, biological, chemical, philosophical, social - has brought us to the present moment, in which we are led to reevaluate our relationship with the environment, the interference we produce in ecosystem services, and to assess the potential of Nature-Based Solutions to replace "gray solutions". Allied to all this is the questioning about environmental policy in Brazil, its characteristics and practical effectiveness in preserving the national biomes and native species. Such questions about the environment and humanity have shown that isolated scientific study needs to give way to interdisciplinary study, which considers in a more holistic way the problems it intends to face. In this way, we propose the investigation of alternative forms of environmental preservation policies in force in the country, different from the command-control system, from the case study of a Payment for Environmental Service program in São Bento do Sul/Santa Catarina, which remunerates landowners who preserve and restore native vegetation in permanent preservation areas and outside them, in order to understand what differs in the socio-environmental aspect of policies of this nature, not sanctions, but incentives and rewards

Both B-1a and B-1b cells exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipids differentiate into IgM antibody-secreting cells

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The cellular immune response to mycobacteria has been characterized extensively, but the antibody response remains underexplored. The present study aimed to examine whether host or bacterial phospholipids induce secretion of IgM, and specifically anti-phospholipid IgM, antibodies by B cells and to identify the responsible B-cell subset. Here we show that peritoneal B cells responded to lipid antigens by secreting IgM antibodies. Specifically, stimulation with M. tuberculosis H37Rv total lipids resulted in significant induction of total and anti-phosphatidylcholine IgM. Similarly, IgM antibody production increased significantly with stimulation by whole Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guerin. The B-1 subset was the dominant source of IgM antibodies after exposure to cardiolipin. Both CD5+ B-1a and CD5 B-1b cell subsets secreted total IgM antibodies after exposure to M. tuberculosis H37Rv total lipids in vitro. Overall, our results suggest that the poly-reactive B-1 cell repertoire contributes to non-specific anti-phospholipid IgM antibody secretion in response to M. tuberculosis lipids.Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The cellular immune response to mycobacteria has been characterized extensively, but the antibody response remains underexplored. The present study aimed to examine whether host or bacterial phospholipids induce secretion of IgM, and specifically anti-phospholipid IgM, antibodies by B cells and to identify the responsible B-cell subset. Here we show that peritoneal B cells responded to lipid antigens by secreting IgM antibodies. Specifically, stimulation with M. tuberculosis H37Rv total lipids resulted in significant induction of total and anti-phosphatidylcholine IgM. Similarly, IgM antibody production increased significantly with stimulation by whole Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guerin. The B-1 subset was the dominant source of IgM antibodies after exposure to cardiolipin. Both CD5+ B-1a and CD5 B-1b cell subsets secreted total IgM antibodies after exposure to M. tuberculosis H37Rv total lipids in vitro. Overall, our results suggest that the poly-reactive B-1 cell repertoire contributes to non-specific anti-phospholipid IgM antibody secretion in response to M. tuberculosis lipids

ANALYSIS OF THE CASE MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR PEOPLE WITH MULTIMORBIDITY AND FAMILY CAREGIVERS

Objective: To understand the experience of nurses and decision-makers when implementing the case management model in the care of patients with multimorbidity and their family caregivers.Method: Qualitative descriptive study including nurses and decision-makers and conducted in Bogotá, Colombia. Content analysis of field journals and semi-structured interviews carried out in 2019-2020 was performed. ATLAS-TI was used for data processing and analysis.Results: Six nurses and two decision-makers participated in the study. The following categories emerged: Nursing perception of care provided to patents with multimorbidity and their social environment; Nursing care experience in case management: role, contributions, and difficulties; and Implementation of the case management model in the Colombian context: implementation, impact, and role of providers.Conclusions: The case manager requires experience and skills to communicate properly. Case management improves quality of life, therapeutic adherence, use of health services and reduces overload.Objetivo: compreender a experiência de Enfermeiros e tomadores de decisão na implementação do modelo de gerenciamento de caso no cuidado a pacientes com PLURIPATOLOGIAs e seus cuidadores familiares. Método: estudo descritivo qualitativo com enfermeiras e profissionais tomadores de decisão, Bogotá - Colômbia. Análise de conteúdo de diários de campo e entrevistas semiestruturadas em 2019-2020. Processamento e análise de dados com ATLASTi. Resultados: participaram seis enfermeiras e dois profissionais tomadores de decisão. Categorias emergentes:Percepção da enfermagem sobre a temática do cuidado patológico múltiplo e seu meio social; Experiência assistencial de enfermagem no gerenciamento de casos: papéis, contribuições e dificuldades; Implementação do modelo de gestão de casos no contexto colombiano: implementação, efetivação e papel dos profissionais. Conclusões: Os gestores de casos requer experiência e habilidades para se comunicar adequadamente. O gerenciamento de casos melhora a qualidade de vida, a adesão terapêutica, a utilização de serviços de saúde e reduz a sobrecarga.Objetivo: comprender la experiencia de Enfermeras y tomadores de decisión frente a la implementación del modelo de gestión de casos en la atención de pacientes pluripatológicos y sus cuidadores familiares.Método: estudio descriptivo cualitativo con enfermeras y profesionales tomadores de decisión, Bogotá - Colombia. Análisis de contenido de diarios de campo y entrevistas semiestructuradas en 2019-2020. Procesamiento y análisis de datos con ATLAS-Ti.Resultados: participaron seis enfermeras y dos profesionales tomadores de decisión. Categorías emergentes: Percepción de enfermería sobre el sujeto de cuidado pluripatológico y su entorno social; Experiencia de cuidado enfermero en la gestión de casos: rol, aportes y dificultades; Implementación del modelo de gestión de casos en el contexto colombiano: implementación, efecto y rol de los prestadores.Conclusiones: La gestora de casos requiere experiencia y competencias para comunicarse adecuadamente. La gestión de casos mejora calidad de vida, adherencia terapéutica, utilización de servicios sanitarios y reduce la sobrecarga

COMPUCEA 2nd generation performance evaluation

COMPUCEA (Combined Procedure for Uranium Concentration and Enrichment Assay) is used for on-site analytical measurements in support of joint Euratom-IAEA inspections during physical inventory verification (PIV) campaigns in European Low-Enriched Uranium (LEU) fuel fabrication plants. The analyses provided on site during the PIV involve the accurate determination of the uranium element content and of the U-235 enrichment in verification samples (uranium product samples of solid form , i.e. powders, pellets) selected by the Safeguards inspectors. These samples are dissolved and then measured by energy-dispersive X-ray absorption edge spectrometry (L-edge densitometry) to obtain the uranium elemental content and gamma spectrometry with a Lanthanum-bromide detector for the U-235 abundance determination. The second generation of COMPUCEA equipment is compact, rugged and ready-to use directly after transport, no cooling of the detectors with liquid nitrogen is required. A software package for comfortable instrument control and data handling has been implemented. The paper describes the technique, setup and calibration procedure of the instrument. Results from PIV campaigns and comparisons between COMPUCEA results with data obtained by remote analysis with a qualified primary analytical method are presented, which demonstrate the performance of the technique. The achieved uncertainties are well within the international target values. First results obtained with a sandwich detector configuration for enhanced detection efficiency of the passive gamma spectrometry and a small separate X-ray fluorescence unit for the pre-screening of the samples for their Gd content are discussed.JRC.E.7-Nuclear Safeguards and Forensic

Violence in nightlife environments and its relationship with the consumption of alcohol and drugs among young Spaniards

La violencia en contextos recreativos nocturnos (CRN) es un fenómeno poco estudiado. Interesa conocer su prevalencia y su relación con variables sociodemográficas y con el consumo de alcohol y drogas. Se utiliza una muestra de 440 jóvenes elegidos a través de Respondent driven sampling. Los criterios de inclusión son salir de marcha habitualmente y usar alcohol y/o drogas ilegales, en Baleares, Galicia y Comunidad Valenciana. Durante el último año y en CRN el 5,2% llevó armas, el 11,6% han sido agredidos o amenazados y el 23% se han peleado. La regresión logística muestra que el mejor predictor para llevar armas en CRN es el policonsumo de drogas; si se hace referencia a haber sido amenazado o dañado con un arma el predictor más potente es tener frecuentemente broncas o discusiones relacionadas con el uso de alcohol y/o drogas. Para participar en peleas los predictores son ser más joven (14 a 18 años) y también tener frecuentemente broncas o discusiones. Existe una alta prevalencia de conductas violentas en los CRN. La prevención debería tener en cuenta especialmente a los más jóvenes, a los que policonsumen y a los que ya suelen tener broncas y discusiones relacionadas con su consumoViolence in nightlife environments (NE) is a rarely studied phenomenon. There is growing interest in determining its prevalence and its relationship with sociodemographic variables, drunkenness and drug use. A survey to 440 youngsters, selected by the respondent-driven sampling methodology, was conducted, and the inclusion criteria were: to go out regularly, and to use alcohol and/or illegal drugs. The survey was carried out in the Balearic Islands, Galicia and Comunidad Valenciana. During the past year and while going out at night, 5.2% of the youngsters carried weapons, 11.6% were attacked or threatened with a weapon and 23% got into a fight. Logistic regression revealed that the best predictor for the behaviour of carrying a weapon is polydrug use; whereas amongst those who had been threatened, it was being frequently involved in rows or arguments related to substance use; and for those involved in fights, it was being younger (14-18) and being frequently involved in rows or arguments related to substance use. There is a high prevalence of violent behaviors in NE. Prevention should take into account particularly the younger individuals, those who engage in polydrug use and those who often have fights and discussions related to drug consumptionS

Eight common genetic variants associated with serum dheas levels suggest a key role in ageing mechanisms

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) is the most abundant circulating steroid secreted by adrenal glands-yet its function is unknown. Its serum concentration declines significantly with increasing age, which has led to speculation that a relative DHEAS deficiency may contribute to the development of common age-related diseases or diminished longevity. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association data with 14,846 individuals and identified eight independent common SNPs associated with serum DHEAS concentrations. Genes at or near the identified loci include ZKSCAN5 (rs11761528; p = 3.15×10-36), SULT2A1 (rs2637125; p = 2.61×10-19), ARPC1A (rs740160; p = 1.56×10-16), TRIM4 (rs17277546; p = 4.50×10-11), BMF (rs7181230; p = 5.44×10-11), HHEX (rs2497306; p = 4.64×10-9), BCL2L11 (rs6738028; p = 1.72×10-8), and CYP2C9 (rs2185570; p = 2.29×10-8). These genes are associated with type 2 diabetes, lymphoma, actin filament assembly, drug and xenobiotic metabolism, and zinc finger proteins. Several SNPs were associated with changes in gene expression levels, and the related genes are connected to biological pathways linking DHEAS with ageing. This study provides much needed insight into the function of DHEAS

Common variation in the miR-659 binding-site of GRN is a major risk factor for TDP43-positive frontotemporal dementia

Loss-of-function mutations in progranulin (GRN) cause ubiquitin- and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43)-positive frontotemporal dementia (FTLD-U), a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting ∼10% of early-onset dementia patients. Here we expand the role of GRN in FTLD-U and demonstrate that a common genetic variant (rs5848), located in the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of GRN in a binding-site for miR-659, is a major susceptibility factor for FTLD-U. In a series of pathologically confirmed FTLD-U patients without GRN mutations, we show that carriers homozygous for the T-allele of rs5848 have a 3.2-fold increased risk to develop FTLD-U compared with homozygous C-allele carriers (95% CI: 1.50–6.73). We further demonstrate that miR-659 can regulate GRN expression in vitro, with miR-659 binding more efficiently to the high risk T-allele of rs5848 resulting in augmented translational inhibition of GRN. A significant reduction in GRN protein was observed in homozygous T-allele carriers in vivo, through biochemical and immunohistochemical methods, mimicking the effect of heterozygous loss-of-function GRN mutations. In support of these findings, the neuropathology of homozygous rs5848 T-allele carriers frequently resembled the pathological FTLD-U subtype of GRN mutation carriers. We suggest that the expression of GRN is regulated by miRNAs and that common genetic variability in a miRNA binding-site can significantly increase the risk for FTLD-U. Translational regulation by miRNAs may represent a common mechanism underlying complex neurodegenerative disorders

A pan-European epidemiological study reveals honey bee colony survival depends on beekeeper education and disease control

Reports of honey bee population decline has spurred many national efforts to understand the extent of the problem and to identify causative or associated factors. However, our collective understanding of the factors has been hampered by a lack of joined up trans-national effort. Moreover, the impacts of beekeeper knowledge and beekeeping management practices have often been overlooked, despite honey bees being a managed pollinator. Here, we established a standardised active monitoring network for 5 798 apiaries over two consecutive years to quantify honey bee colony mortality across 17 European countries. Our data demonstrate that overwinter losses ranged between 2% and 32%, and that high summer losses were likely to follow high winter losses. Multivariate Poisson regression models revealed that hobbyist beekeepers with small apiaries and little experience in beekeeping had double the winter mortality rate when compared to professional beekeepers. Furthermore, honey bees kept by professional beekeepers never showed signs of disease, unlike apiaries from hobbyist beekeepers that had symptoms of bacterial infection and heavy Varroa infestation. Our data highlight beekeeper background and apicultural practices as major drivers of honey bee colony losses. The benefits of conducting trans-national monitoring schemes and improving beekeeper training are discussed