Implementing High Availability with Cots Components and Open-Source Software

High Availability of IT services is essential for the successful operation of large experimental facilities such as the LHC experiments. In the past, high availability was often taken for granted and/or ensured by using very expensive high-end hardware based on proprietary, single-vendor solutions. Today's IT infrastructure in HEP is usually a heterogeneous environment of cheap, off the shelf components which usually have no intrinsic failure tolerance and can thus not be considered reliable at all. Many services, in particular networked services like the Domain Name Service, shared storage and databases need to run on this unreliable hardware, while they are indispensable for the operation of today's control systems. We present our approach to this problem which is based on a combination of open-source tools, such as the Linux High Availability Projet and home-made tools to ensure high-availability for the LHCb Experiment Control system, which consists of over 200 servers, several hundred switches and is controlling thousands of devices ranging from custom made devices, connected to the LAN, to the servers of the event-filter farm

S-Link to Gigabit Ethernet Adapter New Frame Segmentation for LHCb Data Acquisition System

Data Acquisition and Control Systems used in high energy physics experiments, such as those which will take place in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, require the specification of data formats and transmission protocols as well as the use of high speed links and interfaces. In this context, a new Frame Segmentation process will be presented and discussed, based on data formats adopted by the LHCb experience for the interconnection of two standardized systems: S-link and Gigabit Ethernet. Simulation results of the transfer capacity of the proposed mechanism will be also reported, together with guidelines for its physical implementation.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures. Computing in High Energy and Nuclear Physics - CHEP03, La Jolla, CA, March 200

New packet fragmentation for S-link to giiga bit ethernet adapter

High Speed Interconnect (HSI) systems are essential in order to transport the large amount of data generated by the detectors, to storage devices in high energy physics experiments. The integration of a new packet fragmentation mechanism on the S-Link to Gigabit Ethernet Adapter will permit not only the physical interconnection between involved interfaces, but also the conversion of data formats and transmission protocols. This paper presents and discusses simulation results of the S-Link to Gigabit Ethernet Adapter, with and without the new packet fragmentation mechanism, based on the data format adopted in the LHCb experiment

Towards a Muon Collider

A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work.Comment: 118 pages, 103 figure

Towards a muon collider

A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work

Current Directions in the Auricular

Electrical stimulation of the auricular vagus nerve (aVNS) is an emerging electroceutical technology in the field of bioelectronic medicine with applications in therapy. Artificial modulation of the afferent vagus nerve – a powerful entrance to the brain – affects a large number of physiological processes implicating interactions between the brain and body. Engineering aspects of aVNS determine its efficiency in application. The relevant safety and regulatory issues need to be appropriately addressed. In particular, in silico modeling acts as a tool for aVNS optimization. The evolution of personalized electroceuticals using novel architectures of the closed-loop aVNS paradigms with biofeedback can be expected to optimally meet therapy needs. For the first time, two international workshops on aVNS have been held in Warsaw and Vienna in 2017 within the scope of EU COST Action “European network for innovative uses of EMFs in biomedical applications (BM1309).” Both workshops focused critically on the driving physiological mechanisms of aVNS, its experimental and clinical studies in animals and humans, in silico aVNS studies, technological advancements, and regulatory barriers. The results of the workshops are covered in two reviews, covering physiological and engineering aspects. The present review summarizes on engineering aspects – a discussion of physiological aspects is provided by our accompanying article (Kaniusas et al., 2019). Both reviews build a reasonable bridge from the rationale of aVNS as a therapeutic tool to current research lines, all of them being highly relevant for the promising aVNS technology to reach the patient.European Cooperation in Science and TechnologyThe Austrian Research Promotion Agenc

Les droits disciplinaires des fonctions publiques : « unification », « harmonisation » ou « distanciation ». A propos de la loi du 26 avril 2016 relative à la déontologie et aux droits et obligations des fonctionnaires

The production of tt‾ , W+bb‾ and W+cc‾ is studied in the forward region of proton–proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98±0.02 fb−1 . The W bosons are reconstructed in the decays W→ℓν , where ℓ denotes muon or electron, while the b and c quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions.The production of $t\overline{t}$, $W+b\overline{b}$ and $W+c\overline{c}$ is studied in the forward region of proton-proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98 $\pm$ 0.02 \mbox{fb}^{-1}. The $W$ bosons are reconstructed in the decays $W\rightarrow\ell\nu$, where $\ell$ denotes muon or electron, while the $b$ and $c$ quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions

Towards a muon collider

A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work

Erratum: Towards a muon collider

The original online version of this article was revised: The additional reference [139] has been added. Tao Han’s ORICD ID has been incorrectly assigned to Chengcheng Han and Chengcheng Han’s ORCID ID to Tao Han. Yang Ma’s ORCID ID has been incorrectly assigned to Lianliang Ma, and Lianliang Ma’s ORCID ID to Yang Ma. The original article has been corrected