107 research outputs found
Detection of CO in the inner part of M31's bulge
We report the first detection of CO in M31's bulge. The 12CO (1-0) and (2-1)
lines are both detected in the dust complex D395A/393/384, at 1.3" (~0.35 kpc)
from the centre. From these data and from visual extinction data, we derive a
CO-luminosity to reddening ratio (and a CO-luminosity to H_2 column density
ratio) quite similar to that observed in the local Galactic clouds. The (2-1)
to (1-0) line intensity ratio points to a CO rotational temperature and a gas
kinetic temperature > 10 K. The molecular mass of the complex, inside a 25'
(100 pc) region, is 1.5 10^4 Mo.Comment: 5 pages including 4 figures (2 in colour
Molecular Gas in M82: Resolving the Outflow and Streamers
We present a high-resolution (3.6'', 70pc) CO(1-0) mosaic of the molecular
gas in M 82 covering an area of 2.5' x 3.5' (2.8kpc x 3.9kpc) obtained with the
OVRO millimeter interferometer. The observations reveal the presence of huge
amounts of molecular gas (> 70% of the total molecular mass, M_tot=1.3 x 10^9
M_sun) outside the central 1 kpc disk. Molecular streamers are detected in and
below M82's disk out to distances from the center of 1.7 kpc. Some of these
streamers are well correlated with optical absorption features; they form the
basis of some of the prominent tidal HI features around M 82. This provides
evidence that the molecular gas within M 82's optical disk is disrupted by the
interaction with M 81. Molecular gas is found in M 82's outflow/halo, reaching
distances up to 1.2 kpc below the plane; CO line-splitting has been detected
for the first time in the outflow. The maximum outflow velocity is 230 km/s; we
derive an opening angle of 55 deg for the molecular outflow cone. The total
amount of gas in the outflow is >3 x 10^8 M_sun and its kinetic energy is of
order 10^55 erg, about one percent of the estimated total mechanical energy
input of M 82's starburst. Our study implies that extreme starburst
environments can move significant amounts of molecular gas in to a galaxy's
halo (and even to the intergalactic medium).Comment: accepted for publication in the ApJ Letters full PS file @
http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/~fwalter/walter_m82.p
Formation of a Massive Black Hole at the Center of the Superbubble in M82
We performed 12CO(1-0), 13CO(1-0), and HCN(1-0) interferometric observations
of the central region (about 450 pc in radius) of M82 with the Nobeyama
Millimeter Array, and have successfully imaged a molecular superbubble and
spurs. The center of the superbubble is clearly shifted from the nucleus by 140
pc. This position is close to that of the massive black hole (BH) of >460 Mo
and the 2.2 micron secondary peak (a luminous supergiant dominated cluster),
which strongly suggests that these objects may be related to the formation of
the superbubble. Consideration of star formation in the cluster based on the
infrared data indicates that (1) energy release from supernovae can account for
the kinetic energy of the superbubble, (2) the total mass of stellar-mass BHs
available for building-up the massive BH may be much higher than 460 Mo, and
(3) it is possible to form the middle-mass BH of 100-1000 Mo within the
timescale of the superbubble. We suggest that the massive BH was produced and
is growing in the intense starburst region.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, to appear in ApJ Lette
The Nature of Starburst Activity in M82
We present new evolutionary synthesis models of M82 based mainly on
observations consisting of near-infrared integral field spectroscopy and
mid-infrared spectroscopy. The models incorporate stellar evolution, spectral
synthesis, and photoionization modeling, and are optimized for 1-45 micron
observations of starburst galaxies. The data allow us to model the starburst
regions on scales as small as 25 pc. We investigate the initial mass function
(IMF) of the stars and constrain quantitatively the spatial and temporal
evolution of starburst activity in M82. We find a typical decay timescale for
individual burst sites of a few million years. The data are consistent with the
formation of very massive stars (> 50-100 Msun) and require a flattening of the
starburst IMF below a few solar masses assuming a Salpeter slope at higher
masses. Our results are well matched by a scenario in which the global
starburst activity in M82 occurred in two successive episodes each lasting a
few million years, peaking about 10 and 5 Myr ago. The first episode took place
throughout the central regions of M82 and was particularly intense at the
nucleus while the second episode occurred predominantly in a circumnuclear ring
and along the stellar bar. We interpret this sequence as resulting from the
gravitational interaction M82 and its neighbour M81, and subsequent bar-driven
evolution. The short burst duration on all spatial scales indicates strong
negative feedback effects of starburst activity, both locally and globally.
Simple energetics considerations suggest the collective mechanical energy
released by massive stars was able to rapidly inhibit star formation after the
onset of each episode.Comment: 48 pages, incl. 16 Postscript figures; accepted for publication in
the Astrophysical Journa
Quantification of topographic venting of boundary layer air to the free troposphere
International audienceNet vertical air mass export by thermally driven flows from the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) to the free troposphere (FT) above deep Alpine valleys was investigated. The vertical export of pollutants above mountainous terrain is presently poorly represented in global chemistry transport models (GCTMs) and needs to be quantified. Air mass budgets were calculated using aircraft observations obtained in deep Alpine valleys. The results show that on average 3 times the valley air mass is exported vertically per day under fair weather conditions. During daytime the type of valleys investigated in this study can act as an efficient "air pump" that transports pollutants upward. The slope wind system within the valley plays an important role in redistributing pollutants. Nitrogen oxide emissions in mountainous regions are efficiently injected into the FT. This could enhance their ozone (O3) production efficiency and thus influences tropospheric pollution budgets. Once lifted to the FT above the Alps pollutants are transported horizontally by the synoptic flow and are subject to European pollution export. Forward trajectory studies show that under fair weather conditions two major pathways for air masses above the Alps dominate. Air masses moving north are mixed throughout the whole tropospheric column and further transported eastward towards Asia. Air masses moving south descend within the subtropical high pressure system above the Mediterranean
Mesoscale modelling of the CO2 interactions between the surface and the atmosphere applied to the April 2007 CERES field experiment
This paper describes a numerical interpretation of the April 2007, CarboEurope Regional Experiment Strategy (CERES) campaign, devoted to the study of the CO2 cycle at the regional scale. Four consecutive clear sky days with intensive observations of CO2 concentration, fluxes at the surface and in the boundary layer have been simulated with the Meso-NH mesoscale model, coupled to ISBA-A-gs land surface model. The main result of this paper is to show how aircraft observations of CO2 concentration have been used to identify surface model errors and to calibrate the CO2 driving component of the surface model. In fact, the comparisons between modelled and observed CO2 concentrations within the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) allow to calibrate and correct not only the parameterization of respired CO2 fluxes by the ecosystem but also the Leaf Area Index (LAI) of the dominating land cover. After this calibration, the paper describes systematic comparisons of the model outputs with numerous data collected during the CERES campaign, in April 2007. For instance, the originality of this paper is the spatial integration of the comparisons. In fact, the aircraft observations of CO2 concentration and fluxes and energy fluxes are used for the model validation from the local to the regional scale. As a conclusion, the CO2 budgeting approach from the mesoscale model shows that the winter croplands are assimilating more CO2 than the pine forest, at this stage of the year and this case study
Mapping the submillimeter spiral wave in NGC 6946
We have analysed SCUBA 850\mum images of the (near) face-on spiral galaxy NGC
6946, and found a tight correlation between dust thermal emission and molecular
gas. The map of visual optical depth relates well to the distribution of
neutral gas (HI+H2) and implies a global gas-to-dust ratio of 90. There is no
significant radial variation of this ratio: this can be understood, since the
gas content is dominated by far by the molecular gas. The latter is estimated
through the CO emission tracer, which is itself dependent on metallicity,
similarly to dust emission. By comparing the radial profile of our visual
optical depth map with that of the SCUBA image, we infer an emissivity (dust
absorption coefficient) at 850\mum that is 3 times lower than the value
measured by COBE in the Milky Way, and 9 times lower than in NGC 891. A
decomposition of the spiral structure half way out along the disk of NGC 6946
suggests an interarm optical depth of between 1 and 2. These surprisingly high
values represent 40-80% of the visual opacity that we measure for the arm
region (abridged).Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, accepted in A&
Molecular gas in the inner 0.7kpc-radius ring of M31
The study of the gas kinematic in the central 1.5kpc x 1.5kpc region of M31
has revealed several surprises. The starting point of this investigation was
the detection at the IRAM-30m telescope of molecular gas with very large line
splittings up to 260km/s within the beam (40 pc). In this region, which is
known for its low gas content, we also detect an ionised gas outflow in the
circumnuclear region (within 75pc from the centre) extending to the whole area
in X-ray. Relying on atomic, ionised, and molecular gas, we account for most
observables with a scenario that assumes that a few hundreds Myr ago, M31
underwent a frontal collision with M32, which triggered some star-formation
activity in the centre, and this collision explains the special configuration
of M31 with two rings observed at 0.7kpc and 10kpc. The inner disc (whose
rotation is detected in HI and ionised gas ([NII])) has thus been tilted
(inclination: 43deg, PA: 70deg) with respect to the main disc (inclination:
77deg, PA: 35deg). One of the CO velocity components is compatible with this
inner disc, while the second one comes from a tilted ring-like material with
40deg inclination and PA=-35deg. The relic star formation estimated by previous
works to have occurred more than 100Myr ago could have been triggered by the
collision and could be linked to the outflow detected in the ionised gas. Last,
we demonstrate that the amplitude of the line splittings detected in CO centred
on the systemic velocity with a relatively high spatial resolution (40pc)
cannot be accounted for by a possible weak bar that is roughly aligned along
the minor axis. Although M31 has a triaxial bulge, there are no bar indicators
in the gas component (photometry, no strong skewness of the isovelocities,
etc.).Comment: 20 pages, 20 figures, Astronomy and Astrophysics, accepte
Peculiar Features of the Velocity Field of OB Associations and the Spiral Structure of the Galaxy
Some of the peculiar features of the periodic velocity-field structure for OB
associations can be explained by using the model of Roberts and Hausman (1984),
in which the behavior of a system of dense clouds is considered in a perturbed
potential. The absence of statistically significant variations in the azimuthal
velocity across the Carina arm, probably, results from its sharp increase
behind the shock front, which is easily blurred by distance errors. The
existence of a shock wave in the spiral arms and, at the same time, the
virtually free motion of OB associations in epicycles can be reconciled in the
model of particle clouds with a mean free path of 0.2-2 kpc. The velocity field
of OB associations exhibits two appreciable nonrandom deviations from an ideal
spiral pattern: a 0.5-kpc displacement of the Cygnus- and Carina-arm fragments
from one another and a weakening of the Perseus arm in quadrant III. However,
the identified fragments of the Carina, Cygnus, and Perseus arms do not belong
to any of the known types of spurs.Comment: 14 pages, 3 postscript figures, to be published in Astronomy Letter
Ground-based and airborne in-situ measurements of the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic aerosol plume in Switzerland in spring 2010
The volcanic aerosol plume resulting from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland in April and May 2010 was detected in clear layers above Switzerland during two periods (17â19 April 2010 and 16â19 May 2010). In-situ measurements of the airborne volcanic plume were performed both within ground-based monitoring networks and with a research aircraft up to an altitude of 6000 m a.s.l. The wide range of aerosol and gas phase parameters studied at the high altitude research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.) allowed for an in-depth characterization of the detected volcanic aerosol. Both the data from the Jungfraujoch and the aircraft vertical profiles showed a consistent volcanic ash mode in the aerosol volume size distribution with a mean optical diameter around 3 ± 0.3 &mu;m. These particles were found to have an average chemical composition very similar to the trachyandesite-like composition of rock samples collected near the volcano. Furthermore, chemical processing of volcanic sulfur dioxide into sulfate clearly contributed to the accumulation mode of the aerosol at the Jungfraujoch. The combination of these in-situ data and plume dispersion modeling results showed that a significant portion of the first volcanic aerosol plume reaching Switzerland on 17 April 2010 did not reach the Jungfraujoch directly, but was first dispersed and diluted in the planetary boundary layer. The maximum PM<sub>10</sub> mass concentrations at the Jungfraujoch reached 30 &mu;gm<sup>&minus;3</sup> and 70 &mu;gm<sup>&minus;3</sup> (for 10-min mean values) duri ng the April and May episode, respectively. Even low-altitude monitoring stations registered up to 45 &mu;gm<sup>&minus;3</sup> of volcanic ash related PM<sub>10</sub> (Basel, Northwestern Switzerland, 18/19 April 2010). The flights with the research aircraft on 17 April 2010 showed one order of magnitude higher number concentrations over the northern Swiss plateau compared to the Jungfraujoch, and a mass concentration of 320 (200â520) &mu;gm<sup>&minus;3</sup> on 18 May 2010 over the northwestern Swiss plateau. The presented data significantly contributed to the time-critical assessment of the local ash layer properties during the initial eruption phase. Furthermore, dispersion models benefited from the detailed information on the volcanic aerosol size distribution and its chemical composition
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