Environmental and Health Disparities in Appalachian Ohio: Perceptions and Realities

Background. Appalachia is a region of the United States that faces significant environmental and health disparities. Understanding these disparities and the social determinants that contribute to them will help public health practitioners make better decisions. The purpose of this research is two-fold. First, through secondary data analysis, we document environmental and health disparities as well as demographic and economic conditions that may contribute to these disparities between Appalachian and non-Appalachian Ohio. Second, we examine perceptions of environmental health practitioners about the differences in environmental conditions between Appalachian and non-Appalachian Ohio. Methods. We gathered secondary data about economics, health, and the environment from the Ohio Department of Health, Healthy Ohio Community Profiles, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. Census. In addition, we conducted an online survey of 76 environmental health professionals across Ohio. Results. The secondary data indicates that there are significant differences between Appalachian and non-Appalachian Ohio in terms of socioeconomic, health, and environmental indicators. In addition, environmental health professionals perceive worse environmental conditions in the Appalachian region and indicate that there are environmental and health disparities found in this part of the state that do not exist elsewhere. Conclusions. The results contribute to understanding environmental and health conditions that contribute to health disparities in the Appalachian region as well as suggest approaches for public health practitioners to reduce these disparities

The L 98-59 System: Three Transiting, Terrestrial-size Planets Orbiting a Nearby M Dwarf

We report the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) discovery of three terrestrial-size planets transiting L 98-59 (TOI-175, TIC 307210830)—a bright M dwarf at a distance of 10.6 pc. Using the Gaia-measured distance and broadband photometry, we find that the host star is an M3 dwarf. Combined with the TESS transits from three sectors, the corresponding stellar parameters yield planet radii ranging from 0.8 R ⊕ to 1.6 R ⊕. All three planets have short orbital periods, ranging from 2.25 to 7.45 days with the outer pair just wide of a 2:1 period resonance. Diagnostic tests produced by the TESS Data Validation Report and the vetting package DAVE rule out common false-positive sources. These analyses, along with dedicated follow-up and the multiplicity of the system, lend confidence that the observed signals are caused by planets transiting L 98-59 and are not associated with other sources in the field. The L 98-59 system is interesting for a number of reasons: the host star is bright (V = 11.7 mag, K = 7.1 mag) and the planets are prime targets for further follow-up observations including precision radial-velocity mass measurements and future transit spectroscopy with the James Webb Space Telescope; the near-resonant configuration makes the system a laboratory to study planetary system dynamical evolution; and three planets of relatively similar size in the same system present an opportunity to study terrestrial planets where other variables (age, metallicity, etc.) can be held constant. L 98-59 will be observed in four more TESS sectors, which will provide a wealth of information on the three currently known planets and have the potential to reveal additional planets in the system

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Environmental Health Perceptions and Realities in Appalachia, Ohio

Decades of environmental justice research has documented that poor people are more likely to live in areas with worse environmental conditions than wealthier people. Furthermore, emergent research is examining the relationship between environmental conditions and health disparities. Ohio provides an opportunity to evaluate the role of place in health disparities because, of Ohio’s 88 counties, 32 of them are in the Appalachian region. This session features three presentations from community-based research in Appalachia, Ohio that included interviews, PhotoVoice, surveys, and case studies. First, we present data related to social determinants that contribute to disparities between Appalachian and non-Appalachian counties in the Ohio. Results from a statewide survey indicate that environmental health professionals perceive health disparities and environmental injustice as unique issues in Appalachia, Ohio. Second, we share photographic images and conversations about environmental and health conditions from community members. The third presentation compares and contrasts two Appalachian communities and their response to drilling for natural gas using hydraulic fracturing. Carroll County, the epicenter of drilling in Ohio is compared to one Village in Athens County in which there is no drilling, but vocal opposition. Survey results suggest that while most people feel well-informed about natural gas drilling, the community is divided over perceptions of the environmental risks of the process. Communities in Appalachia face current and future environmental health risks, and this session emphasizes and demonstrates the importance of involving local people in documenting what these risks are

Progestin Concentrations Alter Follicle Characteristics and May Affect Quality of Oocytes (Eggs)

Cows were treated with two progestin concentrations to develop ovulatory follicles exposed to different hormone environments. Cows were assigned to Control Group receiving a CIDR for 7 days (4-6 ng/ml of progestin), or to MGA-14 Group receiving 5mg/head/day of MGA for 14 days (\u3c 1 ng of progestin). Our hypothesis was that the MGA-14 treatment would develop larger, persistent follicles with less granulosa cells per follicle volume and may have altered gene expression profiles in oocytes and granulosa cells. Cows in the MGA-14 treatment had larger follicles and less granulosa cells per volume than controls, suggesting that their development mimicked persistent follicles and may be of poorer quality

Genome-Wide MicroRNA Analysis Implicates miR-30b/d in the Etiology of Alopecia Areata

Alopecia areata (AA) is one of the most common forms of human hair loss. Although genetic studies have implicated autoimmune processes in AA etiology, understanding of the etiopathogenesis is incomplete. Recent research has implicated microRNAs, a class of small noncoding RNAs, in diverse autoimmune diseases. To our knowledge, no study has investigated the role of microRNAs in AA. In this study, gene-based analyses were performed for microRNAs using data of the largest genome-wide association meta-analysis of AA to date. Nominally, significant P -values were obtained for 78 of the 617 investigated microRNAs. After correction for multiple testing, three of the 78 microRNAs remained significant. Of these, miR-30b/d was the most significant microRNA for the follow-up analyses, which also showed lower expression in the hair follicle of AA patients. Target gene analyses for the three microRNAs showed 42 significantly associated target genes. These included IL2RA , TNXB , and ERBB3 , which had been identified as susceptibility loci in previous genome-wide association studies. Using luciferase assay, site-specific miR-30b regulation of the AA risk genes IL2RA, STX17, and TNXB was validated. This study implicates microRNAs in the pathogenesis of AA. This finding may facilitate the development of future treatment strategie