Aleitamento materno, alimentação complementar, sobrepeso e obesidade em pré-escolares

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association of overweight and obesity with breastfeeding and complementary feeding in pre-school children. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 566 children, enrolled in private schools of the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, in 2004-2005. The dependent variable was overweight and obesity. Body Mass Index percentile curves were employed to classify children's nutritional status, considering values e"P85 andOBJETIVO: Analizar la asociación del sobrepeso y de la obesidad con el amamantamiento materno y la alimentación complementaria en preescolares. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal envolviendo 566 niños matriculados en escuelas privadas en el municipio de Sao Paulo (Sureste de Brasil), 2004-2005. La variable dependiente fue sobrepeso y obesidad. Para la clasificación del estado nutricional de los niños fueron utilizadas las curvas de percentiles del índice de masa corporal para edad, clasificando como sobrepeso valores ?P85 yOBJETIVO: Analisar a associação do sobrepeso e da obesidade com o aleitamento materno e a alimentação complementar em pré-escolares. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal envolvendo 566 crianças matriculadas em escolas particulares no município de São Paulo, SP, 2004-2005. A variável dependente foi sobrepeso e obesidade. Para a classificação do estado nutricional das crianças foram utilizadas as curvas de percentis do Índice de Massa Corporal para idade, classificando como sobrepeso valores e"P85

A One-Dimensional Theory of Solute Diffusion and Degradation in Elastic Solids

A theoretical framework for the description of the interaction between diffusion, mechanics, and degradation in elastic solids is developed. To avoid complications that obscure the essential features of these interactions, we work within a one-dimensional setting. A particular specialization of the general theory is selected and a numerical implementation based on the finite-element method, a backward Euler time-stepping scheming, and an operator-splitting algorithm is described. An application involving the time-independent end-loading of a notched cylindrical bar is used to illustrate the ability of the theory to describe some essential features of solute-assisted degradation.Indisponível

Effect of progressive resistance exercise on strength evolution of elderly patients living with HIV compared to healthy controls

OBJECTIVES: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection worsens the frailty of elderly people, compromising their quality of life. In this study we prospectively evaluated eleven patients living with HIV and 21 controls older than 60 years and without prior regular physical activity, who engaged in a one-year progressive resistance exercise program to compare its effects on muscular strength, physical fitness and body composition. METHODS: Exercises for major muscular groups were performed 2 times/week, under professional supervision. Strength increase was evaluated bimonthly, while body composition, lipid and glycaemic profiles (only of those living with HIV) and physical fitness were evaluated before and after the one-year training. RESULTS: The participants living with HIV were lighter, had smaller Body Mass Index and were initially much weaker than controls. However, their strength increased more (1.52-2.33 times the baseline values for those living with HIV x 1.21-1.48 times for controls, p<0.01), nullifying the differences initially seen. These effects were seen independently of gender, age or baseline physical activity. In addition, those living with HIV improved their fasting glucose levels and showed a tendency to improve their lipids after the one year training program. These effects were slightly more pronounced among those not using protease inhibitors, although not significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance exercise safely increased the strength of older patients living with HIV adults, allowing them to achieve performance levels observed among otherwise healthy controls. These findings favor the recommendation of resistance exercise for elderly adults living with HIV adults

Avaliação preliminar do uso de penas de Ardea albus como bioindicadoras de mercúrio em ecossistemas amazônicos

We evaluated in this study the total mercury concentration in feathers of Ardea albus collected in a colony located in the city of Belem-PA, Brazil in a prospective trial for its use as bioindicators of mercury burden in Amazonia ecosystems. An Atomic absorption spectrophotometry with gold amalgamation was used for the metal determination. The total mercury average concentration in body feathers was 2.2 ± 1.5 µg.g-1 and 1.3 ± 0.9 µg.g-1 in wing feathers. No correlation was observed between total mercury concentration and the length of body or wing feathers. Total mercury concentration was above 5 µg.g-1 dry weight in only one body feather sample.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as concentrações de mercúrio total em penas de Ardea albus coletadas em uma assembléia de aves localizada nas imediações da cidade de Belém, Pará, com vistas a investigar a possibilidade do uso desta espécie nos estudos de biomonitoramento deste metal. Para determinação de mercúrio total foi utilizada a espectrofotometria de absorção atômica com amalgamação. A concentração média de mercúrio total nas penas do corpo foi 2,2 ± 1,5 µg.g-1 e nas penas das asas foi 1.3 ± 0.9 µg/g-1. Não foi observada correlação entre a concentração de mercúrio total e o comprimento das penas do corpo e da asa. Foi observado teor de mercúrio total superior a 5 µg.g-1 em apenas uma amostra de pena do corpo.VIEIRA, J. L. F.; PINHEIRO, M. C. N. Universidade Federal do Par

Economic valuation of pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) depredation in the Brazilian Savanna

Este trabalho estudou a depredação do pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) no Bioma Cerrado com ênfase na valoração do custo social imposto à sociedade pela redução e perda da base forestal no período de 1990 a 2008. Para medir os custos sociais da depredação, utilizou-se o conceito de excedente econômico de Marshall. No período de 1990 a 2008, o custo social médio estimado foi da ordem de R$922 mil. Em média, 44$ 922 thousand. Of this loss, 44% affected consumers and 56% affected producers. Therefore both supply and demand loose with damages to the cerrado biome

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in two to six year old children registered in private schools in São Paulo

OBJETIVO: verificar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade segundo sexo e idade em crianças de 2 a 6 anos de idade, alunos de escolas particulares no município de São Paulo. MÉTODO: foram realizadas medidas de peso e de altura para verificação do estado nutricional de oitocentos e seis crianças de ambos os sexos. Para a classificação do estado nutricional das crianças foram utilizadas as curvas de percentis do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC = Peso (kg) / Altura² (cm)) para idade, conforme padrão de referência do Multicentre Growth Study, recomendado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde que classifica como sobrepeso valores de percentis &gt;; 85 e &lt; 97 e para a obesidade valores &lt; 97. Para análise da relação entre sexo, idade da criança e estado nutricional utilizou-se modelo linear generalizado de regressão múltipla (glm) com ligação logarítmica e família binomial, que permite, diretamente, a estimação das razões de prevalências. A prevalência de sobrepeso+obesidade foi 37,2% para o sexo masculino e 33,4% para o sexo feminino. A razão de prevalência (RP) mostrou que não existe diferença significativa entre obesidade e sobrepeso+obesidade para sexo e idade. CONCLUSÃO: observaram-se prevalências de sobrepeso e de obesidade superiores às prevalências médias da população brasileira. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo reforçam a preocupação com a obesidade infantil que aparentemente vem crescendo, em idades mais precoces como dos pré-escolares.To verify the prevalence of overweight and obesity according to gender and age in two to six years old children registered in private schools of São Paulo. METHODS: the measured of weight and height in order to assess the nutritional state of eight hundred and six children from both sexes. In order to perform the classification of the nutritional state of children we used the percentiles curves of Body Mass Index (BMI = Weight (kg) / Height (cm)²) for age as reference standard of Multicentre Growth Study, currently recommended for the World Health Organization that classifies as overweight the percentiles values e" 85 to ; 97. In order to analyze the relation between sex, age and nutritional status we used the linear model generalized of multiple regressions (glm) with logarithmic relating, and binomial family, which provides, directly, the value of the ratios of prevalence (RP). RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight + obesity was 37.2% for male and 33.4% for female children. The prevalence ratios (PR) showed that a significant difference between obesity and overweight + obesity for sex and age does not exist. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of overweight and obesity superior than the average prevalence of the Brazilian population were observed. The results found in this study strengthen the concern with the infantile obesity that apparently is increasingly growing in precocious ages as of the preschool ones children

A PERCEPÇÃO DOS DISCENTES SOBRE O DESEMPENHO DOS DOCENTES DOS CURSOS DE CIÊNCIAS CONTÁBEIS E ADMINISTRAÇÃO DA UNIVERSIDADE REGIONAL DE BLUMENAU

This study it searchs to analyze the evaluation of performance of the professors carried through by the pupils of the courses of graduation in Countable Sciences and Administration of the Regional University of Blumenau (FURB). The methodology in this research has descriptive character of the type survey or survey and the instrument for the collection of data was a composed questionnaire for 19 (nineteen) closed questions, applied in 1.085 pupils of the courses of graduation of Countable Sciences and Administration during the year of 2008. Using the quantitative boarding for analysis of the data with the aid of the descriptive statistics. The results allow in them to conclude that: (i) the perception of the investigated learning is presented of sufficiently similar form with very next percentages in the 19 investigated item; (ii) the professors present qualification technique and/or scientific you discipline to give them; (iii) they divulge a good image of the institution and demonstrate commitment stops with its pupils; (iv) they develop attitudes favorable to the clarification of doubts and activities of teach-learning. Finally, it is distinguished that the professors who lecionam you discipline them come back to the Financial Market had presented optimum performance in detriment to excessively you discipline common to the analyzed courses. Neste trabalho, analisa-se a avaliação de desempenho docente realizada pelos alunos dos cursos de graduação em Ciências Contábeis e Administração da Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB). Para tanto, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa descritiva, com levantamento ou survey. Aplicou-se, como instrumento de avaliação da instituição pesquisada, um questionário composto por 19 perguntas fechadas, respondido por 1.085 discentes no decorrer do ano de 2008. Na análise de dados, utilizou-se uma abordagem quantitativa, com o auxílio da estatística descritiva. Nos resultados, foi possível observar que a percepção dos discentes investigados apresenta-se de forma similar, com percentuais muito próximos nos 19 itens investigados. Constatou-se que, na visão da maioria dos alunos, os professores apresentam capacidade técnico-científica para ministrar suas disciplinas, divulgam uma boa imagem da instituição, têm compromisso para com os alunos, expõem atitudes cordiais favoráveis ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem e se colocam à disposição para o esclarecimento de dúvidas. Destaca-se que no rol de disciplinas comuns aos dois cursos analisados, os professores que lecionam matérias voltadas ao mercado financeiro apresentaram melhor desempenho

Quinine levels in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in the Amazon region of Brazil

We examined the plasmatic concentrations of quinine in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in an endemic area of the Amazon region in Brazil in a prospective clinical trial, in which a standard three-day course of oral quinine plus doxycycline was used. We measured the quinine in the plasma samples on days 0 and 3by high performance liquid chromatography. The mean concentration of quinine was 6.04 ±2.21 µg/mL in male patients and 5.98 ±1.95 µg/mL in female patients. No significant differences in quinine concentration were observed between these two groups. All samples collected before starting treatment were negative for quinine. This information could help in the development of strategies for the rational use of antimalarial drugs in Brazil

Reduction of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) and incidence of pulmonary lesions in mice kept in plenum chamber microenvironmental ventilation system

In the plenum chamber microenvironmental ventilation system (MEV) for laboratory animal housing, air exchanges are made directly inside animal cages. In this study we measured the daily levels of ammonia (NH3) in cages without beddingchanges and made comparative histopathologieal analyscs of mice born and kept in two different systems. Mice were kept under the MEV (n = 40, in five cages) and general diluting ventilation (GDV) (n= 32, in four cages) systems for nine days. In the MEV system. NH3 was not detected in the first three days, the highest concentration occurred on the seventh day (5.00 +/- 2.90ppm). On the ninth day, a level of 2.50 +/- 1.70 ppm was measured. In GDV. NH3 was detected from the first day, and the highest levels were observed on the third and fifth day (31.20 +/- 12.50 ppm), respectively. Front the fourth to the ninth day, the GDV system presented higher concentrations of NH3 than the MIEV system (p&lt; 0.05). Histopathologieal analyses of lungs of six female mice from each group were performed after keeping mice in the two systems for 56 days. In the score evaluation, the incidence ofehrunie focal pneumonia, catarrhal bronchitis, and interstitial pneumonia was significantly higher (p&lt; 0.05) in the GDV group. Using morphometry, it was observed that animals from the GDV system showed a significant increase (p&lt;005) in the volume fractions of the epithelium, when compared to thc MEV system (2450 +/- 5.60 um3/um2 and 19.70 +/- 4.90 um3/um2, respectively). An estimator of the numerical density of nuclei over 100 um of basement membrane was significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) in animals from the GDV system. when compared to animals from theMEV system (14.60 +/- 3.00 and 10.84 +/- 3.00, respectively). It was shown that animals kept in the MEV system presented better health condition than animals kept in the GDV system

Progressive Resistance Training in Elderly HIV-Positive Patients: Does it Work?

BACKGROUND: Elderly people present alterations in body composition and physical fitness, compromising their quality of life. Chronic diseases, including HIV/AIDS, worsen this situation. Resistance exercises are prescribed to improve fitness and promote healthier and independent aging. Recovery of strength and physical fitness is the goal of exercise in AIDS wasting syndrome. OBJECTIVE: This study describes a case series of HIV-positive elderly patients who participated in a progressive resistance training program and evaluates their body composition, muscular strength, physical fitness and the evolution of CD4+ and CD8+ cell counts. METHODS: Subjects were prospectively recruited for nine months. The training program consisted of three sets of 8-12 repetitions of leg press, seated row, lumbar extension and chest press, performed with free weight machines hts, twice/week for one year. Infectious disease physicians followed patients and reported all relevant clinical data. Body composition was assessed by anthropometric measures and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry before and after the training program. RESULTS: Fourteen patients, aged 62-71 years old, of both genders, without regular physical activity who had an average of nine years of HIV/AIDS history were enrolled. The strengths of major muscle groups increased (74%-122%, p=0.003-0.021) with a corresponding improvement in sit-standing and walking 2.4 m tests (p=0.003). There were no changes in clinical conditions and body composition measures, but triceps and thigh skinfolds were significantly reduced (p=0.037). In addition, there were significant increases in the CD4+ counts (N=151 cells; p=0.008) and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio (0.63 to 0.81, p=0.009). CONCLUSION: Resistance training increased strength, improved physical fitness, reduced upper and lower limb skinfolds, and were associated with an improvement in the CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ counts in HIV positive elderly patients without significant side effects