Análise do efeito orográfico na distribuição de chuvas : estudo de caso nos municípios de Fundão e Santa Teresa (ES) no ano hidrológico (AH) 2015-2016

O efeito orográfico refere-se a uma relação existente entre a atmosfera e a superfície terrestre. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal fazer uma análise da distribuição da pluviosidade ao longo de um transecto de 18,8 quilômetros de extensão, entre os municípios de Fundão e Santa Teresa, no estado do Espírito Santo, no ano hidrológico 2015/2016 (AH 2015/2016). Para tanto, foram realizados levantamentos bibliográficos acerca dos principais temas norteadores da pesquisa, a exemplo de conceitos de clima e tempo, tipos de chuva, escalas de análise em climatologia, circulação geral da atmosfera, efeito orográfico na distribuição de chuvas, análise geográfica do clima, entre outros. Além disso, foram confeccionados sete pluviômetros experimentais, conforme a metodologia de Assis (2009), de sessenta centímetros cada um. Para a fixação dos mesmos, foram considerados os seguintes fatores: altitude, locais que apresentassem distintos padrões de uso e cobertura da terra, com pouca ou nenhuma presença de barreiras físicas, como árvores ao redor dos pluviômetros, a fim de evitar problemas na captação de chuva. Ainda neste contexto, cada posto pluviométrico foi fixado em caibros de, pelo menos 1 metro e 30 centímetros do solo. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram correlação entre a rugosidade superficial do relevo local com a distribuição e intensificação das chuvas, mesmo em períodos em que a origem das mesmas associava-se aos sistemas de larga escala, a exemplo da Zona de Convergência do Atlântico Sul (ZCAS). Também foi realizada uma interpretação dos principais elementos climatológicos (temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar, radiação, insolação, direção e velocidade dos ventos), por meio de dados do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET), ao longo do AH 2015/2016, com o propósito de comparar dos dados institucionais com os dados de precipitação coletados em campo, e consequentemente do clima local, compreendendo que a climatologia geográfica entende o clima como um conjunto de elementos interconectados e não de forma isoladaThe orographic effect refers to a relationship between the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth. The main objective of this research was to analyze the distribution of rainfall along a 18.8 km transect between the municipalities of Fundão and Santa Teresa in the state of Espírito Santo, in the hydrological year of 2015/2016 (AH 2015/2016). For this, bibliographical surveys were carried out on the main themes of the research, such as weather and climate concepts, rainfall types, climatology analysis scales, general atmospheric circulation, orographic effect on rainfall distribution, geographic climate analysis, among others. In addition, seven experimental pluviometers were prepared, according to the methodology of Assis (2009), of sixty centimeters each. The following factors were considered: altitude, locations with different land use patterns and coverage, with little or no presence of physical barriers, such as trees around rain gauges, in order to avoid problems in collecting the rain. Also in this context, each pluviometric station was fixed in rafters of at least 1 meter and 30 centimeters off the ground. The results showed a correlation between the surface roughness of the local relief with the distribution and intensification of rainfall, even in periods when the origin of rainfall was associated to large scale systems, such as the South Atlantic Convergence Zone. An interpretation of the main climatological elements (air temperature, relative air humidity, radiation, sunshine, direction and velocity of the winds) was also performed, using data from the Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET), during the AH 2015/2016, with the purpose of comparing the institutional data with the precipitation data collected in the field, and consequently the local climate, understanding that the geographic climatology understands the climate as a set of interconnected elements and not as an isolated informationCAPE

Variação espacial da temperatura de superfície: estudo de caso de dois episódios no município de Viana, Espírito Santo, Brasil, em 2019

This research aims to identify and analyze the variation in surface temperatures in the municipality of Viana, Espírito Santo, Brazil, using Remote Sensing techniques, in two episodes, rainy and dry 2019, as well as to relate the temperature classes with the land use and cover and the terrain morphology. To this end, bibliographical surveys were made between books, theses, dissertations and scientific articles that discuss the main concepts treated here (Clima, Geographic Climatology, Remote Sensing, Geographic Information Systems, etc.), acquisition of cartographic bases (vector and raster) for the preparation of maps and for the application of technical resources for geoprocessing satellite images. The results showed significant differences in the variation of higher temperatures in urban areas compared to areas of agriculture / pasture (8°C) and provided with forest cover (9.5°C) both in summer and in winter associated with different properties as to production, propagation and heat conservation in the environment.Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de identificar e analisar a variação das temperaturas de superfície do Município de Viana, Espírito Santo, Brasil, por meio de técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto, em dois episódios, chuvoso e seco, de 2019, bem como relacionar as classes de temperatura com o uso e a cobertura do solo e a morfologia do terreno. Para tanto, foram feitos levantamentos bibliográficos entre livros, teses, dissertações e artigos científicos que discorrem sobre os principais conceitos aqui tratados (Clima, Climatologia Geográfica, Sensoriamento Remoto, Sistemas de Informações Geográficas etc.), aquisição de bases cartográficas (vetoriais e raster) para a elaboração dos mapas e para aplicação de recursos técnicos de geoprocessamento de imagens de satélite. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas na variação das temperaturas, mais elevadas nas áreas urbanas comparativamente às áreas de agricultura/pastagens (8°C) e providas de cobertura florestal (9,5°C), tanto no verão quanto no inverno, associadas às propriedades diferenciadas quanto à produção, à propagação e à conservação de calor no ambiente

Análise do campo térmico e higrométrico no campus da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória (ES)

O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar a temperatura e umidade relativa do ar no campus da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, localizado no bairro Goiabeiras, Vitória (ES). A pesquisa realizou-se em dois horários distintos: 9 e 15 horas entre os dias 08 e 09 de abril de 2015. Foram realizadas coletas de dados de temperatura do ar e umidade relativa do ar em 18 pontos no interior do campus, através de dois relógios Termo Higrômetros de leitura direta tipo MINIPA-MT214, em abrigos confeccionados a partir de cano de PVC, associados à leitura de um ponto fixo e um transecto móvel com registro a cada 10 minutos. Os resultados alcançados na pesquisa permitiram um conjunto de conclusões bastante surpreendentes, pois se verificou uma diferença térmica e higrométrica relativamente grande nos diferentes pontos pesquisados, considerando que o espaço lócus da pesquisa compreende uma área relativamente pequena do campus. Ao final, aferiu-se que os resultados corroboram e dialogam com as principais teorias das correntes que identificam as ações humanas como causas de significativas transformações no comportamento dos elementos da atmosfera, em especial da temperatura do ar e da umidade relativa do ar

VARIAÇÃO DA TEMPERATURA DE SUPERFÍCIE ATRAVÉS DE TÉCNICAS DE SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO: ANÁLISE DE DOIS EPISÓDIOS PARA O CONCELHO DE COIMBRA, PORTUGAL/2018

Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de identificar e analisar a variação das temperaturas de superfície do Concelho de Coimbra, Portugal, por meio de técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto, em dois períodos, no verão e no inverno de 2018, bem como relacionar as classes de temperatura com o uso e cobertura do solo e a morfologia do terreno. Para tanto, foram feitos levantamentos bibliográficos entre livros, teses, dissertações e artigos científicos que discorrem sobre os principais conceitos aqui tratados (Clima, Climatologia Geográfica, Sensoriamento Remoto, Sistemas de Informações Geográficas etc.), aquisição de bases cartográficas (vetoriais e raster) para a elaboração dos mapas e aplicação de recursos técnicos de geoprocessamento de imagens de satélite. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas na variação das temperaturas, mais elevadas nas áreas urbanas comparativamente às áreas de agricultura/pastagens (6°C) e providas de cobertura florestal (7,5°C), tanto no verão quanto no inverno, associadas às propriedades diferenciadas quanto à produção, propagação e conservação de calor no ambiente

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Evolution over Time of Ventilatory Management and Outcome of Patients with Neurologic Disease∗

OBJECTIVES: To describe the changes in ventilator management over time in patients with neurologic disease at ICU admission and to estimate factors associated with 28-day hospital mortality. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of three prospective, observational, multicenter studies. SETTING: Cohort studies conducted in 2004, 2010, and 2016. PATIENTS: Adult patients who received mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the 20,929 patients enrolled, we included 4,152 (20%) mechanically ventilated patients due to different neurologic diseases. Hemorrhagic stroke and brain trauma were the most common pathologies associated with the need for mechanical ventilation. Although volume-cycled ventilation remained the preferred ventilation mode, there was a significant (p &lt; 0.001) increment in the use of pressure support ventilation. The proportion of patients receiving a protective lung ventilation strategy was increased over time: 47% in 2004, 63% in 2010, and 65% in 2016 (p &lt; 0.001), as well as the duration of protective ventilation strategies: 406 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2004, 523 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2010, and 585 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2016 (p &lt; 0.001). There were no differences in the length of stay in the ICU, mortality in the ICU, and mortality in hospital from 2004 to 2016. Independent risk factors for 28-day mortality were age greater than 75 years, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II greater than 50, the occurrence of organ dysfunction within first 48 hours after brain injury, and specific neurologic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and brain trauma. CONCLUSIONS: More lung-protective ventilatory strategies have been implemented over years in neurologic patients with no effect on pulmonary complications or on survival. We found several prognostic factors on mortality such as advanced age, the severity of the disease, organ dysfunctions, and the etiology of neurologic disease