The rule of locus standi in administrative law / Khazatul Naima Abd Talib, Nur Asmaniza Mohammad and Wan Fatin Fashilin Wan Adeli

This paper focuses on the issue of locus standi which has become a major concern in public law as it often becomes a hurdle to the public spirited individuals who seek judicial review against administrative action or decision. Most of the modern countries interpreted the rule liberally. In Malaysia, the liberal approach was celebrated in many decisions such as Lim Cho Hock and Tan Sri Haji Othman Saat. However, the rule suffered a setback in 1988 as the Federal Court adopted a restrictive approach which froze the rule at pre-1977 of common law in Government v Lim Kit Siang. The restrictive approach is condemned in modern era as it does not facilitate the citizens who wish to safeguard their interest or to uphold human rights and rule of law. Hence, many cases in Malaysia were struck out by the court on the basis of lack of standing. Therefore, this research proposes that Malaysia should liberalize the rule of standing to ensure that the rule of law and rights of citizen are safeguarded. This research will also highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches. In doing so, comparison between the position of locus standi in public law action in Malaysia with England, Australia and Canada will be made

The Impact of Islamic Work Ethics and Organizational Justice on Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment

Abstract. Organizational Citizenship Behavior is not exhibited by all employees within a company. To effectively accomplish objectives, the management must possess a comprehensive understanding of organizational justice, the significance of Islamic values, and the extent to which employee dedication is established. The research aims to analyze the effect of Islamic work ethic and organizational justice on organizational citizenship behavior mediated by organizational commitment. This article employs a quantitative method, with data obtained through questionnaires distributed to 65 respondents from an Indonesian company and analyzed using structural equation modeling. The study shows that the Islamic work ethic positively and significantly affects organizational citizenship behavior and commitment. Organizational justice positively and significantly affects organizational citizenship behavior and commitment. Meanwhile, organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior and has been proven to be able to mediate such relationships.  Abstrak. Tidak semua karyawan menunjukkan perilaku organisasi kewarganegaraan. Untuk mencapai tujuannya secara efektif, manajemen harus memiliki pemahaman komprehensif tentang keadilan organisasi, pentingnya nilai-nilai Islam, dan sejauh mana dedikasi karyawan dibangun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh etos kerja Islam dan keadilan organisasi terhadap perilaku organisasi kewarganegaraan yang dimediasi oleh komitmen organisasi. Artikel ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif, dengan data diperoleh melalui kuesioner yang disebarkan kepada 65 responden di satu perusahaan di Indonesia. Sedangkan analisis datanya menggunakan model persamaan struktural. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa etos kerja Islam berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap perilaku dan komitmen kewargaanorganisasi. Keadilan organisasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Perilaku Organisasi Kewarganegaraan dan Komitmen Organisasi. Komitmen organisasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Perilaku Organisasi Kewarganegaraan dan terbukti mampu memediasi hubungan tersebut

al-Aqalliyah al-muslimah fi Amirika wa musharakatiha al-Siyasah: Nazrat fiqhiyyah [Involvement of the American muslim minority in domestic politics: A fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) approach].

عن إحدى أهم المشكلات والنوازل الفقهية التي لها تعلق كبير بالأقلية المسلمة في أمريكا، وهي المشاركة السياسية بجميع أنواعها كالمشاركة في الأحزاب الأمريكية وتكوينها، والمشاركة في الانتخابات كناخبين أو مُنتخَبين، وتولي مناصب وظيفية سواء عامة أو خاصة؛ فبيان الحكم الفقهي وتبعاته فيها له أهمية كبيرة؛ حيث إنه يسهل على المسلمين العيش بسلام مع بقية مكونات المجتمع؛ لينالوا حقوقهم كاملة محافظين بذلك على هويتهم من الانصهار الكلي، والاندماج السلبي، فجاء هذا البحث تلبية لاحتياج هذه الأقلية لمعرفة أحكام الشريعة في ذلك، ولـِمَا في ذلك من تعزيز لروابط الأخوة، ومدّ جسور التعاون بين المسلمين سواء كانوا أكثرية في بلد أو أقلية في بلد آخر.  وقد استخدم الباحث المنهج التحليلي الوصفي، فجاء البحث مشتملا على ثلاثة مباحث:المبحث الأول : مفهوم الأقلية المسلمة في أمريكا وتاريخها، المبحث الثاني: المقصود بالمشاركة السياسة لغة واصطلاحا، وأنواعها، والمبحث الثالث : الاتجاهات الفكرية والفقهية لعلماء المسلمين المعاصرين في حكم مشاركة الأقلية المسلمة في أمريكا سياسيا. وخلص البحث إلى نتائج أهمها: القول بجواز مشاركة الأقلية المسلمة في السياسة بجميع أنواعها وفقا للضوابط الشرعية، وأيضا من أهم ما أوصى به البحث وجوب متابعة أحوال الأقليات المسلمة عامة وفي أمريكا خاصة. There has been a growing interest in investigating the Fiqh opinion about the involvement of the American Muslim Minority in American domestic politics and affairs. Such involvement includes the participation in and formation of political parties, voting in elections, running as nominees and occupying governmental or private positions. Thus, it is crucial to understand the position of the Islamic law concerning this issue. This is especially important because it allows American Muslims to live in peace and tolerance with other sects of society, all while practicing their rights and refraining from absolute integration and negative assimilation. This study serves to provide this minority with a much-needed elucidation of the Shari’a opinion on this matter. It also strengthens the bonds between Muslims globally and facilitates cooperation between them as one Ummah regardless of whether they are a majority. This study follows a descriptive analysis approach and consists of three subtopics: a) definition and history of the Islamic minority in the U.S.A.; b) linguistic definition, explanation and types of political involvement; and c) intellectual and Islamic approaches of contemporary scholars on the involvement of the American Muslim minority in domestic politics. The study concludes that it is Islamically permissible to take part in such domestic affairs following certain guidelines, and shows the importance of following and supporting Muslim minorities all over the world, and in the U.S.A. in particular

Quality of life of COVID-19 recovered patients: a 1-year follow-up study from Bangladesh

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic posed a danger to global public health because of the unprecedented physical, mental, social, and environmental impact affecting quality of life (QoL). The study aimed to find the changes in QoL among COVID-19 recovered individuals and explore the determinants of change more than 1 year after recovery in low-resource settings. Methods COVID-19 patients from all eight divisions of Bangladesh who were confirmed positive by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from June 2020 to November 2020 and who subsequently recovered were followed up twice, once immediately after recovery and again 1 year after the first follow-up. The follow-up study was conducted from November 2021 to January 2022 among 2438 individuals using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF). After excluding 48 deaths, 95 were rejected to participate, 618 were inaccessible, and there were 45 cases of incomplete data. Descriptive statistics, paired-sample analyses, generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to test the mean difference in participants’ QoL scores between the two interviews. Results Most participants (n = 1710, 70.1%) were male, and one-fourth (24.4%) were older than 46. The average physical domain score decreased significantly from baseline to follow-up, and the average scores in psychological, social, and environmental domains increased significantly at follow-up (P < 0.05). By the GEE equation approach, after adjusting for other factors, we found that older age groups (P < 0.001), being female (P < 0.001), having hospital admission during COVID-19 illness (P < 0.001), and having three or more chronic diseases (P < 0.001), were significantly associated with lower physical and psychological QoL scores. Higher age and female sex [adjusted odd ratio (aOR) = 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0–1.6] were associated with reduced social domain scores on multivariable logistic regression analysis. Urban or semi-urban people were 49% less likely (aOR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.4–0.7) and 32% less likely (aOR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.5–0.9) to have a reduced QoL score in the psychological domain and the social domain respectively, than rural people. Higher-income people were more likely to experience a decrease in QoL scores in physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains. Married people were 1.8 times more likely (aOR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.3–2.4) to have a decreased social QoL score. In the second interview, people admitted to hospitals during their COVID-19 infection showed a 1.3 times higher chance (aOR = 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.6) of a decreased environmental QoL score. Almost 13% of participants developed one or more chronic diseases between the first and second interviews. Moreover, 7.9% suffered from reinfection by COVID-19 during this 1-year time. Conclusions The present study found that the QoL of COVID-19 recovered people improved 1 year after recovery, particularly in psychological, social, and environmental domains. However, age, sex, the severity of COVID-19, smoking habits, and comorbidities were significantly negatively associated with QoL. Events of reinfection and the emergence of chronic disease were independent determinants of the decline in QoL scores in psychological, social, and physical domains, respectively. Strong policies to prevent and minimize smoking must be implemented in Bangladesh, and we must monitor and manage chronic diseases in people who have recovered from COVID-19. Graphical Abstrac

Time-dependent analysis of extra length of stay and mortality due to ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive-care units of ten limited-resources countries: findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC)

Ventilator-associated pneumonias (VAPs) are a worldwide problem that significantly increases patient morbidity, mortality, and length of stay (LoS), and their effects should be estimated to account for the timing of infection. The purpose of the study was to estimate extra LoS and mortality in an intensive-care unit (ICU) due to a VAP in a cohort of 69 248 admissions followed for 283 069 days in ICUs from 10 countries. Data were arranged according to the multi-state format. Extra LoS and increased risk of death were estimated independently in each country, and their results were combined using a random-effects meta-analysis. VAP prolonged LoS by an average of 2.03 days (95% CI 1.52-2.54 days), and increased the risk of death by 14% (95% CI 2-27). The increased risk of death due to VAP was explained by confounding with patient morbidity

Inborn errors of OAS–RNase L in SARS-CoV-2–related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children

International audienceMultisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare and severe condition that follows benign COVID-19. We report autosomal recessive deficiencies of OAS1 , OAS2 , or RNASEL in five unrelated children with MIS-C. The cytosolic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)–sensing OAS1 and OAS2 generate 2′-5′-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A) that activate the single-stranded RNA–degrading ribonuclease L (RNase L). Monocytic cell lines and primary myeloid cells with OAS1, OAS2, or RNase L deficiencies produce excessive amounts of inflammatory cytokines upon dsRNA or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) stimulation. Exogenous 2-5A suppresses cytokine production in OAS1-deficient but not RNase L–deficient cells. Cytokine production in RNase L–deficient cells is impaired by MDA5 or RIG-I deficiency and abolished by mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) deficiency. Recessive OAS–RNase L deficiencies in these patients unleash the production of SARS-CoV-2–triggered, MAVS-mediated inflammatory cytokines by mononuclear phagocytes, thereby underlying MIS-C

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field